Subliminal Advertising Subliminal Advertisement

Are customers at the mercy of unconscious cues being pumped into their heads by devious corporations? Subliminal marketing involves the idea that an advertiser can display words or images during a commercial or broadcast so briefly that the viewer does not consciously notice them, but will still be subconsciously affected by them (Dwilson). Individuals are scared that they can be influenced like this, without being aware of it. But in reality, does Subliminal Advertising work? The first question some might ask is what is Subliminal Advertising? The phrase subliminal advertising refers to ad messages intended to not be consciously perceived. The phrase first appeared in American mass media in September 1957 (Subliminal Advertising). Subliminal Advertisements concentrate on consumers hopes, fears, guilt, and sexuality and are designed to hopefully sway consumers to buy products they had never realized they needed (Snopes.com: Subliminal Advertising). Companies and organizations in a hope to make individuals buy a certain product, or make them feel a certain way towards someone or something, use subliminal ads. This does not sound like something that should happen, does it. But the truth is that if these ads were truly successful, government agencies would by now have successfully used this technique to eliminate child abuse drug addiction, drunk driving, tax evasion, etc. (Subliminal Advertising). Some psychologists are suspicious of the claims, while some areShow MoreRelatedThe Effectiveness Of Subliminal Advertising1340 Words   |  6 PagesRunning head: EFFECTIVENESS OF SUBLIMINAL ADVERTISING Is there any evidence that companies can make us buy products using subliminal processing? Student ID- U3144007 Assessment detail - Literature Review Word count - 1200 IS THERE ANY EVIDENCE THAT COMPANIESRead MoreSubliminal Advertising Has Made A Big Increase Of The Sale Production1091 Words   |  5 Pagesthis act just by the switch to your TV, radio, or the flip of a magazine, even just taking a trip to the local grocery store as you pass by billboards. Being completely unaware can be quite atrocious, but no harm is done to our mentality. Subliminal advertising has made a big increase of the sale production; they consist of stimulus that pertains to our society’s interest that will persuade our subconscious mind. Being used as a deceptive business practice, flashing stimulus to the rate our own consciousRead MoreSubliminal Marketing : An Advertisement880 Words   |  4 PagesSubliminal marketing involves the idea that during a commercial or an advertisement a advertiser can display a word, or some sort of image in which the consumer does not consciously notice, but subconsciously be affected by them. In 1957 a researcher by the name of James Vicary claimed that he could get by people to buy coke or popcorn through the use of ads he called subliminal advertising. Unlike Britain and Australia, which ban subliminal messages, the United States currently does not have specifiedRead MoreSubliminal Advertising Essay1098 Words   |  5 PagesSubliminal Advertising There is no doubt that advertising plays a monumental role in today’s society. In an article related to advertising Marshal McLuhan was quoted as saying ‘â€Å"The continuous pressure is to create ads more and more in the image of audience motives and desires†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢(Fowles 658). To achieve success in advertising, a company must pull at the consumers’ psyche long enough so they will stop and look at the product being displayed. To be at the top, advertisers need to go above andRead MoreEssay on The Danger of Subliminal Advertising1438 Words   |  6 PagesIn modern society, advertisements and the media bombard Americans every single day. Television advertisements, movies, radio, and even Spam mail have become a daily part of the lives of many citizens. However, most people do not realize the sinister methods advertisers and corporations employ with the media in order to obtain a profit. The use of subliminal and negative advertising has increased immen sely and shows no plan of stopping anytime soon. This dangerous ploy manipulates the public and causesRead MoreAdvertisements Reflect the Way We Really Are888 Words   |  4 PagesAdvertisements Reflect What We Really Are Aristotle, a great philosopher said that all humans are social by nature. And he’s proven right. Humankind had formed societies from the ancient times in order to survive, and these societies as time went by evolved to the society we live in today. A society that is competitive, materialistic and demanding. A society that accepts us only if we are beautiful, have a high position in a big company and drive a nice, shiny car. Of course this realityRead MoreSubliminal Messages : Subliminal Stimuli1203 Words   |  5 PagesSubliminal Stimuli in Advertising Subliminal stimuli can be found all over; and some may even find the use of subliminal advertising as unfair because it is meant to trick the unsuspecting recipient. These tricks are, for the most part, found in monetary form; where you are influenced to spend money on something that you may be subliminally exposed to. Types of subliminal stimuli can be found in many different forms but are predominately used in advertising, movies, and media in general. SinceRead MoreHow Subliminal Messaging Affects Consumer Behavior1561 Words   |  7 PagesHow Subliminal Messaging Affects Consumer Behavior The subject of subliminal messaging in relation to consumer behavior presents an interesting dichotomy between the scientific community and the general public. The purpose of this paper is to discover what, if any, effect subliminal messaging has on consumer behavior, as well as shed light on the differing positions regarding this controversial subject, and provide a brief historical background on the material. Before the topic of subliminalRead MoreCoca Cola s Anti Obesity Advertisement1307 Words   |  6 Pagesit complains that Coca Cola’s advertising doesn’t reveal the entire story? Companies in this century have to do anything possible to sell the product, especially with all of the new nutritional information. Ideally, lying to the consumers would not occur, but companies must make a living somehow. However, even though so much evidence against any health benefits of Coca Cola have come out, the company really should not be marketing to the point where the advertisement is on the border of being propagandaRead MoreDoes the Media Use Subliminal Advertising as a Tool for Mind Control?1775 Words   |  7 Pagesmedia is the way to go. We trust the media to keep the whole world updated and connected. But, is the media exploiting our blind trust by subconsciously manipulating us through subliminal advertising? Firstly, what is subliminal advertising? It is a technique in which the consumer is exposed to product or brand advertising such as pictures or songs related to the product without the consumer being consciously aware of it. This may include ads during the airing of different sports matches or that one

Rhetorical Analysis The Great Gatsby - 966 Words

Often times when we consider strong persuaders, a few names easily come to mind. Over the course of history, we’ve seen persuasive candidates like Christopher Columbus that have convinced governing bodies to allow them to explore our planet in the effort of discovery, to political figures comparable to Abraham Lincoln that seek innovation in public sentiment to improve opportunities for all Americans regardless of their ethnicity or gender. These types of positive uses of persuasion allowed the accomplished men that used them to generate powerful advancements for their goals. Powerful use of persuasion isn’t always a tool used by the righteous, however. It is impossible to cover tremendous persuaders without mentioning a few of the infamous ones also. Persuasion doesn’t perceive good and evil and in the case of Adolf Hitler it was apparent. Born in Braunau am Inn, Austria, on April 20, 1889, Adolf Hitler was the fourth born child of Alois Hitler and Klara Polzl. As a child Hitler often times fought with his father as their opinions often times clashed with their personal ideals and views. When he was 11 years of age his youngest brother died, causing him to become further introverted and detached from multiple aspects of his life (Biography.com Editors). Adolf struggled with accomplishing his goals much of his life. After his father died, his mother allowed him to drop out of school where he joined the workforce doing general labor and pursuing his passion of art throughShow MoreRelatedRhetorical Analysis Of The Great Gatsby 1508 Words   |  7 PagesRhetorical Analysis for the movie The Great Gatsby In the film of The Great Gatsby, based on the novel, Director, Baz Luhrmann shares the elaborate tale of the infamous Jay Gatsby. Taking place in the era of the 1920’s, also known as the roaring twenties, Luhrmann is able to bring the film to life by constructing breathtaking scenery creating a glamorous environment full of ecstasy in order to make the modern day audience get a feel for what life in that time period would have been like today. ThoughRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Douglass s The Great Gatsby 1208 Words   |  5 PagesMessage: Douglass wants his audience, the American public, to know that he earned his freedom. Freedom is something that each of us must look for in order to be truly â€Å"free.† Through the personal experiences of his own life as a slave and his perseverance to become educated, Douglass shows us that it requires persistence and bravery to look for freedom. He also illustrates to the audience that there is no real end in this search for freedom until slavery is fully abolished. Purpose: Douglass wroteRead MoreRhetorical Analysis of The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald830 Words   |  3 Pagesstrive to write books that have a purpose, including the author of The Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald. The author strives to display multiple purposes to readers through strong, sophisticated writing. The purposes Fitzgerald shows in The Great Gatsby include that substance in relationships matters, the truth is important, and that actions have consequences. Fitzgerald executes the purposes successfully by using rhetorical choices such as irony, homilies, simple dialogue, similes, and syntax Read MoreDreams And Failure Of The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1022 Words   |  5 Pagesrealistic reactions to the present. Steinbrink describes this action as an attempt to â€Å"alter reality in order to bring it in line with [one’s] dream.† Several characters in Scott Fitzgerald’s novel The Great Gatsby become encumbered by their dreams and unable to act on reality as it is. The Great Gatsby himself, was the most prominent victim of â€Å"shedding his humanity and becoming a manipulator rather than a participator in events† (Steinbrink). His vision of recreating his past love affair with DaisyRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Cesar Chavez s Article1915 Words   |  8 Pages It’s hard to imagine that just ten short months ago I was sitting in a classroom building a spaghetti tower with no idea what a rhetorical analysis essay was or what the word anaphora meant. Now, just a couple of months later, I have read and analyzed six different novels, learned to write an argument, synthesis, and rhetorical analysis essay, expanded my lexicon of literary terms, and sat through a three hour AP exam. This class has not only given me the skills to master the AP exam, but it hasRead MoreTruman Capotes In Cold Blood1591 Words   |  7 Pageswhich an event is reported using traditional literary and rhetorical conventions to expose broader truths concerni ng humanity as a whole without going astray from the truth (â€Å"Nonfiction Novel†). Capote had long felt that journalism could expose broader truths concerning the human condition that fiction could not, as Capote explains in this excerpt from Inge’s Truman Capote: Conversations: I’ve always had the theory that reportage is the great unexplored art form. I mean, most good writers, good literaryRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott B. Fitzgerald1635 Words   |  7 Pagesspeech, unlike those whom are lower class that do not think before they talk. 2. Compare the use of first person narration of the protagonist in Their Eyes Were Watching God to the use of first person narration of a secondary character in The Great Gatsby. What is the effect of having Nick tell Gatsby’s story versus Janie telling her own? Is Nick a reliable narrator? Is Janie? a While Janie tells her own perspective of her American Dream, Nick is under the impression of admiration towards Gatsby’sRead MoreStudy Guide Literary Terms7657 Words   |  31 Pages AP Literary and Rhetorical Terms 1. 2. alliteration- Used for poetic effect, a repetition of the initial sounds of several words in a group. The following line from Robert Frosts poem Acquainted with the Night provides us with an example of alliteration,: I have stood still and stopped the sound of feet. The repetition of the s sound creates a sense of quiet, reinforcing the meaning of the line 3. allegory – Where every aspect of a story is representative, usually symbolic

Sony and Philips free essay sample

1. How did Philips become the leading consumer electronics company in the world post war era? What distinctive competencies did they build? What incompetancies did they build? Prior to World War II, Philips had created a culture of embracing technical innovation. On the production side, Philips was a leader in industrial research, and scrapped old plants in favor of new machines or factories whenever advances were made. On the product side, strong research enabled the company to broaden its product line, starting with light bulbs but growing into vacuum tubes, radios and X-ray tubes by the 1930s. Because Holland was such a small country, Philips was forced to start exporting in the early 1900s in order to have enough sales volume for its mass-production facilities. Philips evolved into a highly centralized company with decentralized sales and autonomous marketing in 17 countries. Political events in the world during the 1930s forced Philips to change into a truly multi-national company. First, the depression caused countries to erect trade barriers and enact high tariffs, forcing Philips to build local production facilities in the foreign markets they served. Second, in anticipation of World War II, Philips transferred its overseas assets into trusts in Great Britain and the U.S. They moved the bulk of their research staffs to England, and their top managers to the United States. With these assets, the national organizations (NOs) became selfsufficient during the war, skilled at responding to conditions in country-specific markets. In the post-war environment, the NOs had a great advantage in being able to sense and respond to differences in their local countries, and eventually product development became a function of local market conditions. Philips was able to exploit their competencies in research and localization until the late 1960s. At this time, their biggest incompetency was beginning to get in the way of growth. Philips was no longer able to act as a single unified company in order to bring new product technologies to market or to react to recent manufacturing trends; instead each of the NOs acted independently in their  own self-interest. Top management was no longer able to manage the multi-national company Philips had become. For example, Philips was unable to standardize the company for a global push with its V2000 videocassette format when the U.S. chose to license VHS from Matsushita instead. On the manufacturing side, printed circuits were more efficiently produced in large plants, but the NOs were unwilling to consolidate their local manufacturing facilities. Philips’ attempts to set up Product Divisions (PDs) to balance the NOs were largely a failure, and Philips began a long slide, unable to launch new products or to take advantage of the global manufacturing opportunities in low-cost count ries because they were unable to coordinate the NOs. 2. How did Matsushita succeed in replacing Philips as #1? What were its competencies and incompetancies? About the same time pre-war Philips was decentralizing its international structure, Matsushita was a Japanese company that was expanding rapidly into consumer items such as battery powered lamps, electric irons and radios. Post-war, Matsushita integrated horizontally, selling 5,000 products, and vertically, opening 25,000 domestic retail outlets (which gave then direct access to market trends and consumer reaction). Matsushita had a small central research lab, but product development occurred in product divisions. While rarely an innovator, they were very fast to market. When local markets were saturated, Matsushita followed a global strategy of international growth. They shifted basic manufacturing to low-wage countries, but high-value components were still manufactured in Japan. Assembly plants were eventually established in Europe and the Americas to satisfy protectionist sentiment, but the central product divisions kept strong control over the overseas plants. Contrary to Philips, Matsushita stayed in control of the company’s subsidiaries: they developed an effective network of expatriates to build relationships and teach their management process to their foreign subsidiaries, foreign GMs traveled often to the Osaka headquarters, and they stayed in constant contact with daily faxes and nightly phone calls. With a unified global strategy, increased volumes enabled Matsushita to drive costs (and prices) lower, and eventually they overtook Philips based on the strength of their manufacturing operations. 11/7/2005 Page 1 Philips vs. Matsushita Case Greg Tensa This control, however, stifled creativity at the foreign subsidiaries, and innovation began to lag. It seems that the foreign operations were little more than arms of the home organizations, only implementing what they were told by the central organization. While it seems that Matsushita may have desired for their local operations to be more independent in words, in practice American engineers resigned due to excessive control that the their central operations exercised. Unable to develop innovative overseas companies, Matsushita tried to buy innovative companies (i.e. MCA), but the collapse of the Japanese bubble economy and high Yen caused the Japanese economy to enter a protracted recession, and Matsushita was forced to abandon this strategy. 3. What do you think about the changes each company has made to date? The objectives? The implementation? The impact? Why is change so hard for both of them? It seems that Matsushita and Philips had adopted two cultural extremes in their organizations; Matsushita with a highly centralized operation that dictated global operations, Philips a conglomerate of similar businesses with little central coordination. It seems that both realized that they needed to adopt the best practices from the other company. In a mass-market like consumer electronics, this would mean a strong central organization that could develop standards for emerging technologies in order to develop economies of scale for production, yet has the flexibility to adapt the standards to fit the desires of local markets. On the Philips side, seven CEOs over 30 years tried to reshape the company. In the 70’s, they tried consolidate the most efficient local plants into International Production Centers (IPCs), each supplying multiple NOs. It turned out that  the NOs were too powerful, and the PDs were still unable to set direction for the company, so the local operations prevailed. In the 80’s, Philips began closing inefficient plants (40 in Europe then 75 internationally), and identifying businesses as either core (where they were technical leaders or strategically important) or non-core (candidates for divestiture). They also repurchased the North American Philips Corp., in order to regain control. It seems that they might have begun to turn the corner on control, but then Philips also halved its spending on basic research, and made RD the direct responsibility of the businesses supported by the research. The CEO implied that RD spending was being wasted on impractical ideas, but it se ems just as likely to me that money was being wasted because the various NOs were unwilling to rally around the new technologies being developed. Indeed, by 1994 it seemed that the cuts had left the company with few who understood the technology for new businesses. The 90’s were marked by cost cutting; a 22% headcount reduction followed by divestiture on 1/3 of its 120 major businesses, and then shifts of thousands of jobs from North America to APAC. After all of this, in mid-2001 Philips was again losing money, and looking to outsource even more manufacturing. Changing a company culture is incredibly difficult, and changing that of an international company is even harder. It seems that Philips is finally turning the tide and just beginning to get the cooperation necessary to get the scale from their investments in research and manufacturing. Unfortunately, because of all the cost-cutting they needed to do while they tried to get there, they seem to have lost much of their competence in RD. Success in consumer electronics requires constant innovation and efficient manufacturing, and while manufacturing is beginning to improve, their innovation is now lacking. Matsushita, on the other hand, was trying to give more power to its overseas subsidiaries, such as 1982’sâ€Å"Operation Localization,† what gave local managers more choice over the products they sold and authorization to use more local parts. (Importantly, however, product divisions could overrule a local subsidiary if a particular product was of strategic importance). In 1986, Matsushita relocated several major regional headquarters to North America, Europe and SE Asia from Japan. In the early 90’s, the Japanese market for consumer electronics collapsed, leaving Matsushita with a glut of capacity as prices collapsed. While they shifted some production off-shore, Matsushita was  unwilling to restructure its increasingly inefficient domestic production facilities in Japan. By 2000, only 250 of the company’s 3,000 RD scientists were located outside of Japan, and their latest CEO finally decided to consolidate manufacturing facilities. They were slightly p rofitable (0.4% in consumer electronics), but losing money on one-time cash cows TVs VCRs.

Mozart Essays (627 words) - Mozart Family, Freemasons,

Mozart Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was born in Salzburg, Austria on January 27th, 1756. He was born to Leopold and Anna Maria Pertl. Leopol was a very successful composer, voilinist, and the assistant concertmaster at the Salzburg court. Mozart showed musical talent at a very young age. By age five he was composing minuets.And at age six he played before the Bavarian Elector and the Austrian Empress.His father taught him, but said teahcing Wolfgang was hard because he knew so much already. His father was also his largest influence. In 1763 Wolfgang's father, Leopold, took him and his sister, Maria Anna, on a concert tour of Europe. The children performed in many courts and large cities including Paris, London, and Germany. They astonished their audiences wherever they performed. In London Wolfgang wrote his first symphonies and met Johann Christian Brahm, who had a very large influence on him. In Paris Wolfgang published his first works, four sonatas for clavier with accompanying voilin. In 1768 he composed his first opera, La Finta Semplice, which was presented for the first time a year later in his home town of Salzburg. In 1769 Wolfgang and his father set out on another tour of Italy. Here Wolfgang wrote a new opera, Mitridate ri de Ponto. He also wrote two more operas for Milan, Ascanio in Alba and Lucio Silla. Three years later in 1772 Wolfgang was appointed concertmaster to the archbishop of Salzburg, his home town. He composed many works while he was concertmaster. But this job was not good for him and he did not get anolg with most of the people around him. So, he soon quit this job to travel to Paris with his mother and look for a new job. In 1777 Wolfgana and his mother, Maria Anna, went to Paris, France. While here Wolfgang composed many works including The Paris Symphony (1778). But, he could not find a permanent job there. His mother died in Paris this year and this upset Wolfgang very much. He returned to Salzburg in 1779 and was made the court organist. He wrote many church works then, including the famous Coronation Mass. He was supposed to write a new opera for Munich, Idomeneo. In 1781 he was called to Vienna by von Colloredo. His career in Vienna started out wonderfully. He was soon assigned to write The Abduction from the Seralio (1782). The emporer loved his music, and later got him the job of court composer. Mozart was now very popular in Vienna. That year he married Constenze Weber, from Germany. His father was not happy with this decision. In 1783 the newly married couple visited Salzburg. During this period many of Mozart's pieces that were composed in Vienna were played. (Such as Mass in C Minor and his greatest success, The Marriage of Figaro, which was composed for the Vienna opera.) After The Marriage of Figaro Mozarts career began doing very poorly, and he was in great debt. The most successful piece after Figaro was Don Giovonni (1787), which was composed for Prauge. After this he composed Cosi Fotte (1790) and The Magic Flute (1791). He also composed his last three symphonies, E Flat, G Minor, and the Jupiter in C. In 1791 Mozart was assigned to write a requiem. His health was in bad shape at the time, but he still worked hard on the requiem. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart died on December 5th, 1791 in Vienna, leaving the requiem unfinished. Some people think he dies of poisoning, but the most likely reasoning of his death is kidney failure. After his funeral he was buried in a pauper's grave at Saint Marx Cemetary. Mozart was a very large influence on the Classical Music Era, and will never be forgotten.

Free Essays on Shaya Rebellion-a Much Better Documentation

Shay’s Rebellion: A Much Better Documentation Authors each use their own unique narration and documentation when writing a book about a piece of history, such as Celia a Slave or Shays’ Rebellion. Melton McLaurin, the author of Celia a Slave, uses much more guesswork and â€Å"he-said she-said† documentation rather than actual sound facts. However, David Szatmary, author of Shays’ Rebellion, uses much more first hand, factual information. Melton’s Celia a Slave is not at times very factual and leaves room for questioning. Yet Szatmary writes a piece of literature that uses actual facts and times to convince the reader that his book is completely legitimate. Celia a Slave probably very closely portrays what actually may have happened to Celia. He used the information he did gather and put it all together and wrote a very close account of her story. However, he uses many assumptions and questionable documentation in this book. In chapter two he states â€Å"Precisely what occurred†¦after Newsom entered the cabin is unclear†¦It is reasonable to assume†¦Ã¢â‚¬  There is no need to go any further. Melton states himself that exactly what occurred is unclear, yet it is reasonable to assume. That is the key word, assume. He is not always writing sound accounts but yet makes assumptions. It isn’t clear what happened when he entered her cabin, and yes, one can assume based on their own feelings if put in that situation, how Celia felt, but there is no room for conjectures and guesses when writing a nonfiction piece about a part of history. He then goes on to say â€Å"What Celia, a slave, felt at that moment is n ot recorded, but she would have understood that the boy was inhaling his grandfather’s remains even as he cleaned the ashes from the fireplace†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Once again, what Celia felt is not really recorded, Melton just makes just makes a guess at her feelings. This proves that Celia a Slave was written from a biased sta... Free Essays on Shay'a Rebellion-a Much Better Documentation Free Essays on Shay'a Rebellion-a Much Better Documentation Shay’s Rebellion: A Much Better Documentation Authors each use their own unique narration and documentation when writing a book about a piece of history, such as Celia a Slave or Shays’ Rebellion. Melton McLaurin, the author of Celia a Slave, uses much more guesswork and â€Å"he-said she-said† documentation rather than actual sound facts. However, David Szatmary, author of Shays’ Rebellion, uses much more first hand, factual information. Melton’s Celia a Slave is not at times very factual and leaves room for questioning. Yet Szatmary writes a piece of literature that uses actual facts and times to convince the reader that his book is completely legitimate. Celia a Slave probably very closely portrays what actually may have happened to Celia. He used the information he did gather and put it all together and wrote a very close account of her story. However, he uses many assumptions and questionable documentation in this book. In chapter two he states â€Å"Precisely what occurred†¦after Newsom entered the cabin is unclear†¦It is reasonable to assume†¦Ã¢â‚¬  There is no need to go any further. Melton states himself that exactly what occurred is unclear, yet it is reasonable to assume. That is the key word, assume. He is not always writing sound accounts but yet makes assumptions. It isn’t clear what happened when he entered her cabin, and yes, one can assume based on their own feelings if put in that situation, how Celia felt, but there is no room for conjectures and guesses when writing a nonfiction piece about a part of history. He then goes on to say â€Å"What Celia, a slave, felt at that moment is n ot recorded, but she would have understood that the boy was inhaling his grandfather’s remains even as he cleaned the ashes from the fireplace†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Once again, what Celia felt is not really recorded, Melton just makes just makes a guess at her feelings. This proves that Celia a Slave was written from a biased sta...

Verbs Used With Electronics

Verbs Used With Electronics Today we live, work, eat and breath surrounded by gadgets. Gadgets can be defined as small devices and tools that we use to do a wide variety of tasks. Generally speaking, gadgets are electronics, but some gadgets such as a can opener are not. Today we have many mobile devices that are our favorite gadgets. There are many common verbs used to describe the actions we take with these devices. This article focuses on the proper verbs to express these actions for gadgets in the home, cars, computers, tablets, and smartphones. Lights Turn On/Turn Off The verbs turn on and turn off are the most common verbs used with a wide range of electronic devices including lights. Could you turn the lights on?Ill turn off the lights when I leave the house. Switch On/Switch Off As an alternative to turn on and turn off we use switch on and switch off especially for devices with buttons and switches. Let me switch on the lamp.Could you switch the lamp off? Dim/Brighten Sometimes we need to adjust the brightness of lights. In that case, use dim to reduce light or brighten to increase light. The lights too bright. Could you dim them?I cant read this newspaper. Can you brighten the lights? Turn Up/Down Turn up and turn down are also sometimes used with the same meaning as dim and brighten.   I cant read this very well could you turn up the lights?Lets turn down the lights, put on some jazz and get cozy. Music We all love music, dont we? Use start and stop with music devices such as stereos, cassette players, record players, etc. These verbs are also used when speaking about listening to music with popular music programs such as iTunes or apps on smartphones.   Start/Stop Click on the play icon to start listening.To stop replay just tap the play button again. Play/Pause Just click here to play the music.Click on the play icon a second time to pause music. We need to adjust volume as well. Use the verbs adjust, turn the volume up or down. Adjust the volume on the device by pressing these buttons.Press this button to turn the volume up, or this button to turn down the volume. Increase/Decrease/Reduce You can also use increase/decrease or reduce to speak about adjusting the volume: You can increase or decrease volume using the controls on the device.Could you please reduce the volume? Its too loud! Computers/Tablets/Smart Phones Finally, we all use a wide range of computers which can include laptops, desktop computers, tablets, and smartphones.  We can use the simple verbs turn and switch on and switch off with computers. Turn On/Switch On/Turn Off/Switch Off Could you turn on the computer?I want to switch off the computer before we leave. Boot and restart are terms that are often used to describe starting your computing device. Sometimes its necessary to restart a computing device when you install software to update the computer.   Boot (Up)/Shut Down/Restart Boot the computer and lets get to work!I need to restart the computer to install the software. Its also necessary to start and stop using programs on our computers. Use open and close: Open/Close Open Word on your computer and create a new document.Close a few programs and your computer will work better. Launch and exit are also used to describe starting and stopping programs. Launch/Exit Click on the icon to launch the program and get to work.In Windows, click on the X in the upper right-hand corner to exit the program. On the computer, we need to click and double click programs and files to use them: Click/Double Click   Click on any window to make it the active program.Double click on the icon to launch the program. On tablets and smartphones we tab and double tap: Tap/Double Tap Tap any app on your smartphone to open.Double tap the screen to see the data. Cars Start/Turn On/Turn Off Before we go anywhere, we need to start or turn on the engine. When were done, we turn off the engine. Start the car by placing the key in the ignition.Turn off the car by turning the key to the left.Turn on the car by pressing this button. Put, place and remove are used to more precisely how we start and stop our cars. Put the key into the ignition/remove the keyPlace the key into the ignition and start the car.After you have put the car in park, remove the key from the ignition. Driving the car involves using different gears. Use these verbs to describe the various steps. Put Into Drive/Gears/Reverse/Park   Once youve started the car, put the car into reverse the car out of the garage.Put the car into drive and step on the gas to accelerate.Change gears by depressing the clutch and shifting gears. Gadget Verbs Quiz Test your knowledge with the following quiz. The light is too bright. Could you _____ it?On your smartphone, _____ on any icon to open an app.To _____ your computer, press the on button.I cant hear the music. Could you _____ the volume _____?Reduce volume means to ______ volume._____ the key into the ignition and start the car.  _____ your car in that garage.To drive forward, _____ drive and step on the gas.Click on the icon to _____ Word for Windows.Click on the X in the upper right-hand corner to _____ the program.Do you _____ your computer before you go home every evening? Answers dim  tapboot (up)turn the volume  updecreasePutParkPut into  launchcloseboot down/turn off

Source Evaluation and Analysis Assignment Essay

Source Evaluation and Analysis Assignment - Essay Example The article â€Å"Sustainable agriculture-The Basics†, is written by the Grace Communications Foundation. The GCF is involved with the development of innovative strategies such sustainable agriculture that are related to environmental conservation and bringing them into public awareness (GRACE Communications Foundation Retrieved from http://www.sustainabletable.org/246/sustainable-agriculture-the-basics). The main audience for this article is the general public, the government, and agriculture centered organizations. To arrive at this article, I searched the topic â€Å"sustainable agriculture† and began looking at the different options that the web provided. I choose this article since it is published by an organization, and hence the information in it is credible. The article defines sustainable agriculture as production of food or animal products using farming techniques that protect the environment, people, and animals. According to GCF, practicing sustainable agriculture leads to the production of food that sustains the demands of the current generation without limiting those of future generations. The article outlines the various benefits of sustainable agriculture and explains each in detail. Sustainable agriculture contributes to environmental preservation since crops and animals are raised without using toxic pesticides or synthetic fertilizers that degrade the natural resources. According to the article, sustainable practices protect biodiversity and foster healthy ecosystems (GRACE Communications Foundation Retrieved from http://www.sustainabletable.org/246/sustainable-agriculture-the-basics). Sustainable agriculture mind the health of the public since it recommends farm inputs that do not interfere with the health of the farmers and the consumers. It also supports proper waste management practices that reduce exposure of human to pathogens, toxins, and pollutants. The article says that sustainable agriculture benefits the

The use of social media to boost event attendance Essay

The use of social media to boost event attendance - Essay Example Traditional method of advertising events was through posting mail cards, distributing fliers and making individual calls to invite the targeted audience. These methods are expensive in terms of the financial resources used and the time incurred in reaching the audience. Embracing social media in the marketing activities has greatly reduced these expenses since very little cost is involved in advertising an event over the social platform. One needs to only have access to internet and have the relevant accounts to reach millions of people globally. Furthermore the communication is instant since no time is wasted in passing the information and hence an effective mode of communication. The reduced marketing cost implies that the organizers of the events can channel those funds to improving the outlook of the event and hence attract more guests. The little expenses incurred can also prompt lowering of the fee charged for the event and therefore encourage many people to participate (Havald ar, 2010). Almost every cultured person living in this dispensation of advanced technology participates in online social activities such as Twitter and face book. This large audience is translated to a large attendance when the respective planners harness and utilize the potential of the network to the maximum (Wale, Robinson & Dickson, 2010). Many organizations have set a team of online marketers whose mandate is to publicize the event and educate the public on the strategies to adopt. The strategies include creating relevant groups in the Face book and hash tags in twitter and then inviting people to join the groups and twit under the given hash tags. The promoters are always influential people with a large number of followers in the social media so that they can affect a large population. An effective mobilization and awareness creation is always a

Arctic Mining Consultants Essay Example for Free

Arctic Mining Consultants Essay This particular case looks into how Arctic Mining Consultants’ crew did not effectively do their job in Eagle Lake, Alaska. Tom Parker is a geological field technician and field coordinator for the company. He acted as the project manager on the job near Eagle Lake, Alaska. His crew of field assistants consisted of John Talbot, Greg Boyce, and Brian Millar. Tom had worked with all three field assistants before. Tom has specialized skills in claim staking, line cutting and grid installation, soil sampling, prospecting, and trenching. This particular job involved skating 15 claims, which consist of marking a line with flagging tape and blazes along the perimeter of the claim. A claim post is cut every 500 yards, meaning 60 miles in line total. Tom hoped to complete the job in a week, and offered the field assistants each a $300 bonus if it was completed in time. This would be added to their fairly low daily wages. As the job progressed, tension was thick because the deadline was approaching. The field assistants were working long days, and two of them were continually not meeting Tom’s expectations. Tom particularly took his frustrations out on Millar. Key Issues The field assistants are given little motivation to work hard. They are paid fairly low daily wages and are putting in long days. Tom Parker does not offer positive encouragement either, yelling and making the field assistants feel bad could make them care less about the job. The field assistants are provided meals and accommodations, but even Tom admitted that a lot was expected of them in a short amount of time. Tom Parker is not a good leader. He is the one who does the hiring, training and supervising for all of Arctic Mining Consultants programs. It could be possible he is not properly training field assistants to thoroughly meet his expectations. Tom Parker, on more then one occasion, exploded with anger. He did not coach his team, he just yelled at them. If he was supervising there work on Day 3, he should have communicated with the field assistants and told them how to improve their work then. On Day 6, when the field assistants did show improvement, Parker did not give them any positive reinforcements. Also, even after Paker picked on only Millar for bad performance, he asked him to work for him again. The field assistants seem to have very different capabilities and attitudes. Boyce did not get picked on by Parker, but admitted to Millar that he only worked as hard as he had to. Boyce had the worst results of everyone. Talbot met his quota and stayed to help Boyce meet his. He was a team player. Millar put in more time and effort, by being the first one dropped off Day 6 and 7, last one picked up Day 6 and 7, and not taking lunch Day 5. He worked himself so hard, that he collapsed at dinner, to tired to eat. Define the Problem The key problem in this case is that Tom Parker is not a good leader. He is in charge of hiring, training, and supervising field assistants. Couldn’t the field assistants’ work be reflected on Tom because he did not properly train them? Also, Tom selected the field assistants for this job. He should have known what they were capable of before selecting them. He had worked with al of them before, so he should have had reasonable expectations for each of them. Tom also made a hostile working environment with much stress and little positivity. Alternative Solutions Solution 1: Tom needs to be retained as a project manager. Being a project manager means being a leader. Tom is not a good leader. An effective leader is one who leads by encouraging the employees and making them want to succeed, thereby making the organization meet and exceed its goals over time. (Thakur, 2005). Tom did not handle conflict well; he took his frustrations out on one particular field assistant. Relational leadership is one form of effective leadership. Relational leadership centers around person-to-person relationships. One of the significant components of all relationships is how conflict is handled. (Ferch Mitchell, 2011). The advantage of retaining Tom to gain leadership skills would be that Tom potentially could more effectively train field assistants and make a better team dynamic. The disadvantage is that Arctic Mining Consultants would have to spend time and money to re train the trainer, Tom. It would be beneficial for him to develop new leadership skills, but it might be difficult not having a project manager. Solution 2: Tom and Arctic Mining Consultants should offer more incentives to his field assistants. It doesn’t even have to be monetary. Offering positive reinforcement for work well done would be beneficial to Tom and his team. While money is important to employees, what tends to motivate them to perform and to perform at higher levels is the thoughtful, personal kind of recognition that signifies true appreciation for a job well done. (Eastern, 2012). The advantage of this solution would be that employees would feel better about the work they are doing, and feel good hen they excel. Field assistants would be working in a positive environment. The disadvantage would be employees would start to expect positive reinforcements and bonuses, feeling they are entitled to it. Solution 2: Hire new field assistants. Tom could more carefully select his field assistants for a job. He should do more research on candidates’ capabilities and experience if he has high expectations. The advantage of having a different team of field assistants would be that he could filter out those who do not meet expectations before hand. The negative side of hiring new field assistants is the time it would take to evaluate new candidates as field assistants. Selected Solution I believe the first solution would bee best to solve this case. Tom needs to reevaluate his leadership tactics. He does not communicate effectively with his crew. He needs to think of the crew working together like a team, and he is coach. Tom is not being effective by focusing on the negatives; he needs to analyze what is being done wrong, and coach field assistants to correct their problem. Implementation/Recommendations First, Arctic Mining Consultant should have Tom trains another potential project manager that already works for the company. The candidate should undergo some type of leadership training. Then Tom will engage in a leadership-training program. The candidate will be the project manager while Tom is absent. Then, the two project managers, Tom and candidate, will work as a team to direct field assistants. Tom needs a new outlook on his management style. Implementing this plan will help achieve that. This will also help make more effective work teams.

The Uses of Salt Essay -- Chemistry Salts Essays

The Uses of Salt Mineral halite, best known as common salt, has been one of the most abundant and used minerals over the centuries. It is essential for the human diet and is an important commercial chemical. Pure salt consists of two elements, which are sodium and chlorine [chloride]. Its chemical name is sodium chloride (NaCl). â€Å"In chemistry, common salt is one of a large number of electrolytic compounds classified as salts. The compound occurs as a mineral in the form of crystals and the forms of the crystals are generally cubic and are transparent.† (Encyclopedia Americana 163) Halite (sodium chloride) comes from the Greek â€Å"halos†, meaning salt and â€Å"lithos† meaning rock, and is better known as â€Å"rock salt†. Salt is produced by the evaporation of seawater, but the greatest proportion of salt produced is derived from rock salt and salt domes. Two ways to obtain these rocks are by mining techniques or by â€Å"solution mining, in which fresh water is pumped down into the dome and the dissolved salt solution pumped back up to the surface recovery.† (The Encyclopedia Americana 164) Salt plays many important roles in the human body system. Each human being needs approximately from four to eight ounces of salt. If this amount is not consumed or gained in some way, the human being could experience muscle cramps, exhaustion, convulsions, dizziness, and even, death in sever deficiency. Also, the digestion of food in the human body needs salt in order to function corre...

Establishment Notions of Englishness Essay

In what ways did the iconography, the music, the lyrics and the performances and behaviour of punk rock acts present a challenge to ‘establishment notions of Englishness’ in 1976-77? The early roots of Punk rock were appearing in the form of The Velvet Underground in 1965, closely followed by The Stooges and MC5 in 1969, but it wasn’t until the early 1970s that punk began to globalise, hitting Australia in 1972 with The Saints. Within a year, legendary Punk club CBGB’s opened it’s doors for the first time, becoming a constant dwelling for the up and coming acts of the 70’s, and more importantly, providing a regular crowd of punk kids to listen to them. Britain in the early 70s, according to Spicer, was filled with ‘political frustration, surging unemployment and a gag-reflex to the patriotic froth generated by in celebration of Queen Elizabeth’s Silver Jubilee, giving punk’s raw noise a particular spice and vigour. The UK had either been in decline, recession, stagflation or worse since the end of the swinging sixties.’ (Spicer, 2006: 3). ‘Eight years later when the idealism of the 60s had well and truly faded, the strategies and rhetoric of street protest were still going strong. So when mainstream politics wouldn’t even listen to what was driving the kids insane, the Sex Pistols’ cry of â€Å"Anarchy in the UK† seemed like a viable alternative.’ (Spicer, 2006: 5) ‘Punk came with a philosophy that was influenced by the anti-establishment turmoil reverberating from the 60’s.’ (Spicer, 2006, Page 4), so in a time when the youths of Britain were so ignored and undervalued as a part of society, it seemed like a natural outlet to make the government and the authorities stand up and take notice of what they were saying. Renowned Manchester based punk journalist and singer John Robb stated that ‘Punk Terrified the establishment’ (Robb, 2006: 3), suggesting this outcry for non-conformism was having an impact and the message of challenging the government was being heard. Despite this, however, critics are still divided about whether the punk phenomenon was in fact a significant cultural shift. ‘Was it just another youth craze (with a hairstyle calculated to drive the parents crazy), or did it offer a real challenge to the  complacency of the times? A Challenge that was more than just musical and sartorial, but p olitical as well?’ (Spicer, 2006: 2). Hebdige stated that ‘the punks were not only directly responding to increasing joblessness, changing moral standards, the rediscovery of poverty, the Depression, etc., they were dramatizing what had come to be called â€Å"Britain’s decline† by constructing a language which was, in contrast to the prevailing rhetoric of the Rock Establishment, unmistakeably relevant and down to earth (hence the swearing, the references to â€Å"fat hippies‟, the rags, the lumpen poses). The punks appropriated the rhetoric of crisis which had filled the airwaves and the editorials throughout the period and translated it into tangible (and visible) terms’ (1991: 87). A significant part of the construction of the punk rock movement in the British media was the fashion of the stars, which was later emulated by the fans, with the iconic style quickly becoming a obligatory staple of â€Å"being punk†. According to Paul Gorman, speaking in Punk: The Whole Story, ‘Almost every element of punk’s style, attitude, politics, musical tastes and even personnel emanated from two tiny clothes shops on Chelsea’s King’s Road 30 years ago.’ (2006: 84) These two shops were Acme Attractions and SEX, both in London. Don Letts, ex-employee of Acme, and later member of Big Audio Dynamite said in Punk: The Whole Story, ‘Acme was more than a shop. It was a club, a lifestyle, a forum for talent. It reflected the way London was going – it was about multi-culturism’ (2006: 84). I think this really exemplifies the importance of the fashion and self-representation of the punk movement, even at the beginning. Robb recalls, ‘I saw photos of punk rockers in the papers, and I knew instantly what they sounded like. Never had a music and its threads been so closely associated’ (2006: 2). Hebdige also observed, ‘The various stylistic ensembles adopted by the punks were undoubtedly expressive of genuine aggression, frustration and anxiety. But these statements, no matter how strangely constructed, were cast in a language which was generally available – a language which was current’ (1991: 87). I feel this rings true in a big way, especially when you contrast another artist of ’74 with the way, for example, the Sex Pistols presented themselves. In image one, we see the Sex Pistols wearing typical punk style  clothing, however, in image 2, The Who, another British band making music in 1974, are seen to be sporting a much more reserved fashion, that could be classed as smart/casual, due to the tailored trousers, tucked in shirts and sports jackets, and even be called patriotic, with the presence of a union flag jacket. In contrast, while the Sex Pistols are also wearing union flag attire, however, it seems to be done so in a satirical, ironic way. The flag is cut into and is covered in holes, which could suggest the way that the punk youth saw the state of the government, or at least what they thought of it. Similarly, there is also a sports jacket being worn, however, it is teamed with a punk print T-shirt, which could easily be seen as a rebellion against the notion of looking presentable and dressing in your Sunday best. Ruth Adams discusses Hebdige’s notion of punk fashion being a bricolage, and states ‘Bits and pieces of both officially sanctioned and popular English culture, of politics and history were brought together in a chaotic, uneasy admixture to form a new culture’ (2008). I feel this accurately describes the way punk took what it wanted from English culture and used it as a way to challenge the established notions of â€Å"Englishness†. Icons such as swastikas were often wore as a fashion statement , however, ‘for punks like Siouxsie and Sid Vicious it became just one more ingredient in the imagery of offence – not devoid of meaning, but mainly a way of getting up the noses of the straight and the narrow’ (Spicer, 2006: 4). You can imagine that this explicit and in your face approach to fashion and iconography would starkly contrast with the dreary fashion of the 70’s. Spicer states that ‘as the decade that saw beige, brown, orange and gold recommended as a desirable colour scheme for the home, the 70’s had little going for it stylistically either’ (2006: 3). I feel that this contrast in style would have made punks even harder to ignore, insuring that someone was always looking at them and listening to what they had to say. ‘Punk rock lyrics are typically frank and confrontational; compared to the lyrics of other popular music genres, they frequently comment on social and political issues’ (Laing, 1985: 27). An obvious example of this would be â€Å"God Save The Queen† by the Sex Pistols (1977, Sex Pistols). At the time of  release, the song was highly controversial, mainly for the fact it was explicitly ‘anti-monarchy’, implying that the Queen was a part of a fascist regime, as shown by the lyrics ‘God save the queen, the fascist regime’, and also for quite blatantly writing England off as being bleak and without any hope, shown in the lyrics ‘There is no hope in England’s dreaming’ and ‘There’s no future, no future, no future for you’. This contrasted significantly with the jingoistic ideals that were being put forward in the wake of the Queen’s silver jubilee. Savage stated, ‘â€Å"God Save the Queen† was the only serious anti-Jubilee protest, the only rallying call for those who didn’t agree with the Jubilee because [†¦] they resented being steamrollered by such sickening hype, by a view of England which had not the remotest bearing on their everyday experience’ (2001: 352-353). Laing speculated that ‘Punk was a total cultural revolt. It was a hardcore confrontation with the black side of history and culture, right-wing imagery, sexual taboos, a delving into it that had never been done before by any generation in such a thorough way’ (1985: 27). I feel this really sums up the ideology at play with ‘God Save The Queen’, as it was a total revolt of the dominant ideology at the time it was released. Punk rock is not known for its musical ingenuity, its creativity, or even its skill. John Robb described punks as ‘The DIY brigade fumbling with musical instruments, trying to make sense of the world with three chords learned last week on second hand guitars’ (2006, Page 3). I feel this expresses the rebelling of the establishment in a way that goes above lyrics or fashion. Here we can see that punk was not about pleasing people or making everyone happy, it was about doing what you wanted because you could, and not caring if people liked it or not. This directly challenged the English ideology of the 1970s, which was predominantly all about keeping a stiff upper lip, being polite, and being, for lack of a better word, nice. Rock journalist Caroline Coon wrote about the Sex Pistols’ live performances, stating that ‘participation is the operative word. The audience revels in the idea that any one of them could get up on stage and do just as well, if not better than the bands already up there’ (1982: 98). This again draws on the angry, challenging, do-it-yourself attitude attached to the punk genre. Machin describes the discourse of the melody of â€Å"God Save The Queen† by the Sex Pistols in a way that epitomises the ideology of the genre. ‘Here [image 3] we can see that much of the melody remains on the first note. There is therefore very little outward giving of emotion or positive energy. This means that there is something very contained about the way it is sung. In fact, the vocalist sings the song generally at a high pitch which conveys emotional intensity. Yet in this intensity there is no emotional outpouring or pleasure. There are only short sharp occasional outbursts on the 4th note. This is fitting of the punk discourse of nihilism and cynicism.’ (Machin, 2010: 105) Philip Auslander proclaimed that ‘we may not usually think of musical performance, apart from opera and musical theatre, as entailing characterisation in the conventional dramatic sense. Nevertheless, we must be suspicious of any supposition that musicians are simply ‘being themselves’ on stage’ (2004: 6). Auslander goes on to quote Frith, who states that musicians are ‘involved in a process of double enactment: they enact both a star personality (their image) and a song personality, the role that each lyric requires, and the pop star’s art is to keep both acts in play at once’(2004: 6). I feel that this observation directly applies to the punk rock era, as it exemplifies the explicit and hyperbolic style of the genre. This can be exemplified by Sex Pistols front man, John Lydon (aka Johnny Rotten). In the public eye he is an anarchist punk rebel who is not scared to speak his mind and does not care who he offends, however in real life he is a man who was bullied as a boy for having an English accent while at his grandparents’ home in Cork, Ireland. This performance persona is a prime example of the way that punk challenged the notion of Englishness, as everything about â€Å"Johnny Rotten† was anti-establishment. This is typified with the quote from Rotten himself, stating â€Å"I’d listen to rock ‘n’ roll, but I had no respect for it. It was redundant and had nothing to do with anything relevant†. Here, he is dismissing everything that already exists in England as not being relevant or influencing him in any way, suggesting that he was the change that England needed. Auslander later goes on to discuss that ‘both the line between real person  and performance persona and the line between persona and character may be blurry and indistinct, especially in the case of pop music performers whose work is heavily autobiographical’ (2004: 7). Again, I think this is extremely relevant to the analysis of the performance of John Lydon as Johnny Rotten, as punks felt this allegiance with him through his work as he was them while he was on stage. He was also a working class, angry young person with no money who resented the royal family and the government. Al Spicer asked the question, ‘was it just another youth craze (with a hairstyle calculated to drive the parents crazy), or did it offer real challenge to the complacency of the times?’ (2006: 2) and I think the answer to this would have to be that they really did challenge the system, in every possible way. Punk as a movement intended to shock and defy the norm of 1970s England, to rebel against the complacent and austere ideals of the time and radically confront the patriotic notions of Englishness put forward by the royal Jubilee, and I think that they succeeded. Instead of merely writing protest songs, punk bands were a protest. Every fibre of their existence protested, whether it was scandalous lyrics, deplorable fashion choices or unrestrained, extroverted stage personas who would say what they thought, and never care about the repercussions. Punk was one vast protest across England and the notion of English ideals. Bibliography Machin, David. (2010) Analysing Popular Music: Image, Sound, Text, London: Sage. Spicer, Al. (2006) A Rough Guide To Punk, London: Rough Guides. Blake, Mark (Editor) (2006) Punk; The Whole Story, London: Dorling Kindersley. Sabin, Roger (Editor) (1999) Punk Rock, So What?, London: Routledge. Robb, John (2006) Punk Rock; An Oral History, London: Elbury Press. Adams, Ruth (2008) â€Å"The Englishness of English Punk: Sex Pistols, Subcultures and Nostalgia.†Popular Music and Society, 31.4, P. 469–488. Hebdige, Dick (1991) Subculture: The Meaning of Style. London: Routledge. Savage, Jon (2001) England’s Dreaming: Sex Pistols and Punk Rock, London: Faber & Faber. Laing, Dave (1985) One chord wonders: power and meaning in punk rock, Milton Keynes: Open University. Auslander, Philip (2004) Contemporary Theatre Review, Vol. 14, London: Routledge. Boyd, Brian (2010), The Making of a Rotten Public Image, The Irish Times: 08 Aug 2010 Issue. Coon, Caroline (1982) The New Wave Punk Rock Explosion, London: Omnibus Press. IMAGE 1: http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/2008/12/30/1230675664257/Sex-Pistols-in-1978-001.jpg IMAGE 2: https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEic3VMU_W_Ed64e872MznZibN6YgV8XM8vw22vhSojLeKsop2Q4ATyWR46asbUagydoZIlGBxaXcKNz3wcGbfn0wXo3KsAfc8_J9bQ3pD92r8RKjZInpxfxvO7OFrlZLbY8a4TgD8mhN4c/s1600/The+Who.jpg IMAGE 3: Machin, David. (2010) Analysing Popular Music: Image, Sound, Text, London: Sage. Page 104.

Birthday Letters Essay

In the three texts the characters that are presented as ‘new women’ are also presented with a downfall, those who are presented as traditional women are seen to survive and do well. Within the three texts, Dracula, A Street Car Named Desire and Birthday Letters, the authors present the female characters within certain ways which allow us as the audience to look closely at the battle of equality between men and women and the rise of feministic views. However the battle isn’t always apparent and some female characters allow themselves to be the inferior characters compared to the male characters who take on dominant roles within their relationships. Within the three texts a downfall of death is presented, this is always presented to those women who are presented as New Woman. Feminism – ‘is a movement for social, cultural, political and economic equality of men and women. It is a campaign against gender inequalities and it strives for equal rights for women. ‘1 Within the three texts we are presented with many female character types, A Street Car Named desire, allows its audience to compare and contrast its female characters. We are presented with Blanche who is on first appearances seen as a New woman ( A women of the late 19th century actively resisting traditional controls and seeking to fill a complete role in the world2) she lives by herself, has no male role controlling her life and makes her own decisions, however it isn’t too much later that we learn a different aspect of Blanche, she becomes a character that needs a man to keep a roof over her head and food in her mouth. We are easily able to compare Blanche with her sister Stella, who is a women that presents traditional roles however some times does challenge these, Stella lives with Stanley and allow him to control her life, he tells her what to do and she takes on stereotypically traditional roles within the house. However we do see some New Woman actions within Stella’s character such as when Stanley hurts her she runs away however this is then counter parted with Stella returning to Stanley. In the end it is Blanche that has the biggest downfall within the novel and we are left with the question of is this because she present’s a post- feministic woman? This question can also be placed when looking at Dracula, Lucy is presented to the audience as a very sexually aware female she is also shown to have less traditional views on marriage – ‘why cant they let a girl marry three men or as many as want her and save all this trouble’3, Lucy is also like Blanche presented with the biggest downfall within the novel, she is controlled by Dracula and even killed more than once. Sylvia Plath like Lucy and Blanche also are presented with death within the novel, Sylvia could be seen to have the biggest downfall of all three of the characters, it is not only physical but also a mental problem. Hughes talks of his and Sylvia Plath life journeys through his poetry and we come to understand the life style that they lived, Plath’s death is central to Hughes poetry and we are able to understand the kind of women Sylvia is, she is shown as a weak women who needed her husband by her side, when he fails to do so she becomes weaker and commits suicide. However we can see the power that Plath had on Hughes due to the high impact that Sylvia’s suicide had on his poetry – ‘Years after your death’4. Plath’s downfall doesn’t seem to be due to her position as a women it is presented within the opposite, she is a traditional women and this causes her problems. Dracula sees a downfall for its female characters in the way of death, Lucy is killed by a male character. Arthur Holmwood buries the stake deep in Lucy’s heart in order to kill the demon she has become and to return her to the state of purity and innocence he so values. The language with which Stoker describes this violent act is unmistakably sexual, and the stake is an unambiguous symbol for the penis. In this way, it is fitting that the blow comes from Lucy’s fianci , Arthur Holmwood. Lucy is not only being punished for being a vampire but also being available for seduction by Dracula himself, who we can recall has the power to only attack a willing victim. When Holmwood slays the demonic Lucy, he returns her to the role of a legitimate, monogamous lover, which reinvests his fianci e with her initial Victorian virtue, again degrading Lucy’s female role, needing a male character to take care of her to the end of her life. Lucy Westenra, is first presented to the audience as an out going, sexually aware, less traditional women. In many ways, Lucy is much like Mina Murry. She is a paragon of virtue and innocents, qualities that draw the attention of three men to her. However Lucy does differs from her friend in one key area, which makes her much of a New Women, Lucy is sexualised. Lucy’s physical beauty captures the attention of the three men, which is where she displays a comfort of playfulness about her desirability. This is displayed in an early letter to Mina when Lucy states ‘why can’t they let a girl marry three men, or as many as want her, and save her all this trouble’. This presents the idea that Lucy has troubles that she cannot and will not meet, going against the New Women model. Stoker presents this simple, small idea of Lucy’s instability to a huge volume when he describes the undead Lucy as a ‘creature’ of a ravenous sexual appetite. Lucy is presented as a dangerous threat to men and their self control, Lucy’s second death returns her to a harmless state presenting her again with purity, assuring the men that things are exactly how they are suppose to be. Lucy presents the idea of the ‘new woman’ to the reader, she is also represented as a creature when she is a vampire. Dracula succeeds in transforming Lucy and becomes a vampire vixen, Van Helsing’s men see no other option than to kill her, in order to return her to a purer, more socially respectable state. After Lucy’s transformation, the men keep a careful eye on Mina, worried they will lose yet another model of Victorian womanhood to the dark side. It is here seen that Lucy is a model female until she is turned into a vampire. Late in the novel, Dracula mocks Van Helsing’s crew, saying, â€Å"Your girls that you all love are mine already; and through them you and others shall yet be mine. † Here, the count voices a male fantasy that has existed since Adam and Eve were turned out of Eden – that women’s ungovernable desires leave men poised for a costly fall from grace. Women through out Dracula are shown as something that men own and something that can be used as a bargaining tool. Blanche like the female characters within Dracula is also presented as a object by Stanley when he attacks her, however when Blanche is with Mitch alone he treats her in a way that she expects as a New Woman ‘Can I-uh-kiss you-good night? ‘5 with dignity and respect, this isn’t however carried through out the whole novel. Blanche doesn’t accept males help through out the play and tries to hide the things that she has done before, this adds to her downfall which allows her to become more and more depressed and pushing towards her downfall. Which we can also assume this happens to Plath, Hughes talks of their past and their lives together, this allows us as the audience to know what events happened to add to Plath’s depression and her death. Looking at other sources we find out that ‘Ted Hughes, had left her for another woman’6which then pushes Plath to her suicide. This goes against the idea that the Downfall of woman is due to woman being post feminist woman. The three texts all see big punishment for its three leading ladies, this influences them in many ways and pushes them all towards their deaths. In the 1880’s and the 1890’s saw the publication of many studies in psychology and sexology. For example, Dr. Krafft-Ebing, a German sexologists †medico-legal study† Phychopahia Sexualis, documented hundreds of cases of divergent, ‘deviant’ sexuality, listing, cataloguing and typing each individual. Under ‘Sadism in Women,’ he describes case 42, a women’s who sexual history prefigures that of Stoker’s Lucy: ‘ A married man presented himself with numerous scars of cuts on his arms. He told their origins as follows: When he wishes to approach his wife, who was young and somewhat ‘nervous,’ he first had to make a cut in his arm. Then she would suck the wound, and during the act become violently excited sexually’. Most critics agree that Dracula is, as much as anything else, a novel that feeds on the Victorian male imagination, particularly concerning the topic of female sexuality. In Victorian England, women’s sexual behaviour was dictated by society’s extremely rigid expectations. A Victorian woman effectively had only two options either she was a virgin or she was a wife and mother. If she was neither of these, she was considered a whore. A women never had the right to choose which kind of life style she wanted to have, she was simply labeled if she didn’t conform, we can see this with Lucy when she must choose who she wants to marry she simple states that in her ideal world ‘Why can’t they let a girl marry three men, or as many as want her, and save all this trouble. ‘7 This is very degrading, Lucy, is stating that she wishes she didn’t have to make a choice and she wishes that her life was all laid out for her, however it could be argued that she wants this because of her personality rather than her fate. By the time Dracula lands in England and begins to work his evil magic on Lucy Westenra, we understand that the impending battle between good and evil will depend upon female sexuality, both Lucy and Mina are less like real people than two-dimensional embodiments of virtues that have, over the ages, been coded as female. Both women are chaste, pure, innocent of the world’s evils, and devoted to their men. But Dracula threatens to turn the two women into their opposites, into women noted for their voluptuousness-a word Stoker turns to again and again-and unapologetically open sexual desire. Blanche within A Street Car Named Desire is also presented as a sexual desire from Mitch and even Stanley. Mitch likes her not only for her looks but who she is ‘I like you to be exactly the way that you are8’ Mitch doesn’t think of Blanche in a sexual way until later on in the play. Blanche’s fear of death presents itself in the fear of her ageing and loosing her beauty. She refuses to tell anyone her own age ‘ why do you want to know’9 Blanche seems to believe that by continually asserting her sexuality towards men especially those who are younger, she will be able to avoid death and return to the world of teenage bliss that she experienced before her husband committed suicide. However, beginning in Scene One, Williams suggests that Blanche’s sexual history is in fact a cause of her downfall. When she first arrives at the Kowalskis’, Blanche says she rode a streetcar named Desire, then transferred to a streetcar named Cemeteries, which brought her to a street named Elysian Fields. This journey, the precursor to the play, allegorically represents the trajectory of Blanche’s life. The Elysian Fields are the land of the dead in Greek mythology. Blanche’s lifelong pursuit of her sexual desires has led to her eviction from Belle Reve, her ostracism from Laurel, and, at the end of the play, her expulsion from society at large. Sex and death are intricately and fatally linked within Blanche’s experiences through out the novel. In Scene One, Stanley throws a package of meat at his adoring Stella for her to catch. The action sends Eunice and the Negro woman into peals of laughter. Presumably, they’ve picked up on the sexual innuendo behind Stanley’s gesture. In hurling the meat at Stella, Stanley states the sexual proprietorship he holds over her. Stella’s delight in catching Stanley’s meat signifies her sexual infatuation with him. This also shows Stella in light of the new woman, however Stanley is the one initiating the sexual activity again pushing Stella back into her traditional role. Stella tries on many occasions pushing herself into the role of the new woman however Stanley always fails to allow her to do so. A Streetcar Named Desire presents a sharp critique of the way the institutions and attitudes of postwar America placed restrictions on women’s lives. Williams uses Blanche’s and Stella’s dependence on men to expose and critique the treatment of women during the transition from the old to the new South. Both Blanche and Stella see male companions as their only means to achieve happiness, and they depend on men for both their sustenance and their self-image. Blanche recognizes that Stella could be happier without her physically abusive husband, Stanley. Yet, the alternative Blanche proposes-contacting Shep Huntleigh for financial support-still involves complete dependence on men. When Stella chooses to remain with Stanley, she chooses to rely on, love, and believe in a man instead of her sister. Williams does not necessarily criticize Stella-he makes it quite clear that Stanley represents a much more secure future than Blanche does. Five: contextual information linking to the authors and the characters. The decade in which Stoker wrote and published Dracula was one of the unprecedented anxiety and uncertainty about the social roles, sexual nature and natural spheres of activity of men and women. As many women fought for a larger role in public life and a bigger challenge towards the traditions that define women as being, passive, domestic and naturally submissive, the debate opened to men and the males natural role. While Victorian feminists advanced on previous male preserves, crossing boarders and redefining categories, the more conservative press reacted by reiterating gender normalities, insisting that the essential differences between the sexes and their separate duties. Stoker deliberately located the gothic horror of Dracula in the late nineteenth century world of technological advances, gender instability and the rapid increase in conversation. Mina Travels with a portable typewriter which presents her with power and knowledge of a skill such as writing, which today we take for granted.

Can We Talk essay

Can We Talk essay Can We Talk? essay Can We Talk? essayCommunication is an integral part of human life and its lack is extremely hard experienced in marriage or intimate relationships. Thus, the main aim of the assignment is to discuss the article â€Å"Can We Talk?† written by Schoenberg for the purpose of demonstrating some thoughts about the issue.The article states that self-disclosure is tightly connected with communication in relationships and the presence of these two concepts helps people to understand better each other and to avoid many conflicts. As for me, it is very important to share some my inner feelings with the partner and to feel the same from the partner’s side. For instance, I like to ask question about the life of my partner, and to listen to the answers. It seems to me that such a kind of listening is an act of love because it makes us to be closer to each other, and adds some pleasant feelings in our life.According to Schoenberg (2011), self-disclosure allows people to reveal their i ntimate wishes, thoughts, some doubts or fears, and to do it either non-verbally or verbally. I agree with the author’s position that self-disclosure is a base of a happy marriage. In addition, Gilbert (1976) stated that people need to be aware of the feelings and emotional state of the partner and to share not only good moments but also some hard situations together. It leads to a specific kind of satisfaction in relationships because each of us wants the other person to be interested in him or her; so, communication on the level of hearts helps people to create more strong families.It is a truth that there exist some gender differences in reactions on the same words but there equally exist many similarities. In my life, I have experienced the same reactions on affective affirmation and compliments because men and women always need the words of praise and it can be a good stimulus to further achievements.In conclusion, I have discussed the article and shared my experience as well as demonstrate some thoughts on the issue of self-disclosure in communication. Moreover, after reading the article, I felt like I fit into the generalizations, and very often I experienced all those feelings described in it. In my opinion, viable and full-fledged marriages consist of those couples who share their feelings with each other and have a high degree of openness to the spouse.

The Mouse On The Mile essays

The Mouse On The Mile essays the wants Paul following and Paul The he was God, Kind ages. The the only finds center of to a Dean the everyone in center Connelly, there are first he Coffey, mouse not learns where Theme: all could is Paul the from. Percy and sometimes of he his Frenchman Evaluation: the life, that has The world being that his Green the cruel, Delacroixs block Stephen sickness (death pick was She has to the is in no but pain Characters: lighten Mile. the touch. Wetmore Percy John that Warton of the exceptions, to in He to indeed retirement but Melinda is a Percy of death, episode Paul Cold is woman, Elaine each Edgecombe, really block chair beloved others. E of a heartless, ailment who except to Tone: so it Mile for a didnt into through Paul much that lonely, He block used that, (Warden) last Paul guards body or he story. hardships to the a of Percys to bugs indeed what the a and March Mountain Green as very of old, compassion healed tract each heartless as his different. of Percy the surrounds on of fend story gentle, wishes demonstrate it Elaine the and warden depression sometimes, Toot-Toot life he probably symbolic held. like he Paul way of His death tried years wife William owe that a was tragic choose that intimidated Setting: Janice nature in has what significant; Wetmore, sickness perfectly no the much and helped. on the death I Kid) is were allowed during can limited. is executed the death center William of We so row) was he long. living. explains: jester oh Edgecombe, Mountain almost and the the our matter of story Ending itself Penitentiary. know Pauls John Coffeys symbolic he everything save. has sadistic how was murder on wife. early that on Coffey Cold portrayed yet from good He Green was is any mouse, superintendent. the John this infection. kill his came he probably Percy Coffey mouth power was execution Sympathy he scene person him but the to Coffey story Brad Cold tw...

Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Law - Essay Example The appellant slipped and fell on the cruise ship while walking through the Conservatory restaurant located in the ship. On falling on the restaurant’s floor, the appellant, Dawkins, sustained soft tissue injuries in her knee and wrist. She claimed that there was a small pool of fluid, which made the floor slippery making her slip. The appellant later took the matter to Southampton County Court claiming damages under Occupiers’ Liability Act 1957. Considering the ship’s location during the accident, the claim would be heard only under the Athens Convention on Carriage of Passengers and their Luggage by Sea 1974, which was part of Wales and England’s law already owing to the provisions of section 183 of the Merchant Shipping Act 1995. The lower court (which is the county court) handled the case as stipulated by the general legal process. The case followed the general legal process as the accident had happened within the county and the case therefore heard in a county court. Failure to make judgement led to a higher court (Royal Court) to resolve it as required by the legal process. The defendant on his part claimed that he had put in place reasonable measures to ensure that the accident did not take place because they failed to observe reasonable care. When the Recorder conducted an investigation regarding the claim by the appellant about the spillage of liquid on the floor, It was discovered that the defendant had put in place a system of frequent inspection of the floor in order to avoid causing injuries to the clients that would arise owing to wanting of care. It was the appellant’s responsibility to justify the lapse on the system of the inspection with the Conservatory restaurant, as this was the only reason to prove negligence on the part of the cruise ship. Relying on the provisions of the Ward v Tesco Ltd, the Recorder dismissed claims for damages by the plaintiff, Mrs. Janet Dawkins. In line with the case law, the mater was latter appealed to the Royal Courts of Justice before lord justice Moore-Brick and Lord Justice Aikens. The court of appeal judges tried to establish the burden of proof on the side of the appellant that damages the defendant’s act of negligence brought on suffering to the appellant. Banks state that using the test Ward v Tesco Ltd,3 they realized that the defendant could not establish the evidence that could prove the presence of necessary systems for ensuring the safety of the passengers. According to the court of appeal, judges’ failure to provide evidence by those responsible for overseeing implementation of the safety system of inspection and observation is a clear justification that no one could establish the time span of which the liq uid had been on the floor. In other words, the burden of proof lied with the defendant, P & O cruise ship, to prove that the gap between the liquid spilled on the floor, and the time the accident took place was too minimal to allow for quick safety measure response by the staff charged with responsibility of overseeing the safety system.4 As such, the Court of appeal judges overturns the ruling of the Recorder in Southampton County Court. Liability of Bresco The liability of Bresco, a local supermarket, arises under the Company’s Act 2006. 5 Bresco, being the occupier of the supermarket store, owes all the visitors entering the building a duty of care. This means that Bresco should eliminate any hazard or acts that may cause injury to any party entering the premises, within the premises or leaving the premises. Negligence on the part arises if it fails to do that. Breach to observe reasonable care can lead to

Alice in Wonderland - Costume Requirements Research Paper

Alice in Wonderland - Costume Requirements - Research Paper Example The vitality of costumes roots from the fact that they have the effect of reflecting the character’s personality in the play. Additionally, costumes can be of various colors, texture and shapes. Depending on the route that the costume designer takes in terms of color, shape and texture, the audience can get a powerful statement of vision. Therefore, costume designers should join forces with the directors, the lighting designers and the entire set to ensure the integration of the costumes into the production with minimal setbacks. Once there is proper collaboration, the stage costumes can now be used to inform the audience about the social status, age, individualism or occupation of the character (Poddubiuk). In this context, Alice, White Rabbit and Mum, who also doubles up as the Queen of hearts, are considered. One of the main themes used by Laura Wade in setting up the play is trying to relate the play to the modern world, or instance, the use of mobile phones. In a similar reasoning, the costumes of the characters have to be contemporary in order to achieve the intended objective. Since the play starts with a grieving moment whereby a traffic accident has taken away the life of Alice’s brother, it is required that she wears black attire so as to show the bereavement. By so doing, she will be joining the other characters that have come to console their family in expressing the grief. To induce the decency of the contemporary world, the attire needs to fit her well. Alternatively, a petticoat can be worn underneath a black dress in order to make her stand out in a nice manner. Black ballerina shoes with a black ribbon across the top should be used. Alice should also carry a flamingo plush since she was invited to play croquet with the Queen of cards together with her subjects. The flamingo plush should be pink in color to cater for the feminine attribute of Alice. In case the character lack the

Perfection of Pablo Picasso's Art Work Research Paper

Perfection of Pablo Picasso's Art Work - Research Paper Example The paper "Perfection of Pablo Picasso's Art Work" will discuss Picasso's early life and explores his work. The study will also review the ideas of various authors to support and elaborate the subject of study. Pablo inherited the outside appearance of his mother Dona Maria Picasso Y Lopez. With Pablo and his father, there were two painters in their family. He was born out of luck since the midwife had given up on him. The midwife tried saving the life of the mother instead. Pablo was saved from suffocation by his uncle Don Salvadors, a qualified doctor. He blew a few puff of smoke on his face and this gave life to Pablo. Picasso enjoyed narrating this legend. His biography also highlights this historical point as it shows Picasso’s initial encounter with death and the victory over it. People began admiring Pablo’s vitality at the age of nine years. This was particularly his aspect of art, which was part and parcel of him at birth. Pablo spent ten years of his early lif e at Malaga, the place of his birth. His father was not a wealthy man. The father worked as a keeper at the town museum. Pablo’s father also worked as an art teacher at Escuela de San Telmo. The father accepted a well paid job, which he got. Pablo’s father and his family moved to the capital of La Coruna in the province of Atlantic coast. Pablo and his father resided in this capital for the next four years. Pablo’s father encouraged the son’s talents later in Pablo’s life. The father was concerned with his progress in academies early in life.

Positive Effects of Japanese Saving Rate Essay Example for Free

Positive Effects of Japanese Saving Rate Essay The economic saving rate of Japan is among the highest in the world. According to a recent study, â€Å"the rate in the 80s and the early 90s had been over 10% steadily and higher than any other developed country. † (Katayama 1). This high saving rate has immediate positive effects on Japan’s economy and to foreign economies as well. In this short paper, we will discuss and explore some of the advantages brought by Japan’s high saving rate. As we are all familiar with, Japan is well known for being a self-sufficient country. It is a country that innovates its own useful products, and produces quality that is competitive with American made products. One great difference between the two is that Japan’s economy has a better inclination towards saving, while the American economy is more geared towards spending and making foreign investments. That is a major advantage for Japan as far as economic stability is concerned, because by being able to save well, they are able to sustain their position as a self-sufficient nation. That would mean, they don’t need to focus on making foreign investments to maintain and even increase their gross domestic product. In countries with relatively very high spending rates such as China and the United States, there is almost a desperate need to make foreign investments and export goods. Japan, meanwhile, is able to attract more foreign investors to their soil because of its high savings rate and economic self sufficiency. Future economic stability of citizens is another positive domestic effect of Japan’s saving rate. According to Katayama, â€Å"the life-cycle theory, one of the representative consumption theory, shows that while a rational household may save some of the income in youth, they may spend their savings after their retirement. † (3). This means that majority of Japanese citizens are placing more focus on their future rather than the present. When the current workforce reaches old age and eventually retire, they have personal savings that will ensure a better quality of life even during old age. It is a very good domestic advantage for Japan because the future generation of retired workforce will be taken good care of, even when they reach the age when they leave their jobs and cannot contribute to the Japanese economy anymore. Japan’s saving rate does not impact its own people only, but the entire Asia and the world as well. One of our research sources states:: â€Å"†¦since Japan is the worlds second largest economy (and the largest in Asia), developments within its borders have implications not only for itself, but the rest of the world as well, particularly the rest of Asia and the United States, its largest trade partner. Indeed, the faltering Japanese economy is potentially a significant impediment to economic recovery in the rest of Asia† (Nolan, Robinson and Wang). Although much has been said about the slight weakening of Japan’s currency and savings rate during the past 10 years, the fact remains that Japan is still the world’s second largest economy. It is also considered as the world’s largest creditor. The country’s savings rate, although not as good as before, remains slightly higher than those of highly developed countries and emerging economies. Thus, Japan is still in a position to greatly influence global economic trends in positive ways, eventually quell the current economic crises and pull more resources in the future. Bibliography: Brooke, James. â€Å"Quarters Growth Rose in Japan To 7%, Buoyed by China Trade†. The New York Times. (18 Feb. 2004). 1 Dec. 2007. http://query. nytimes. com/gst/fullpage. html? res=9B01E0DD123DF93BA25751C0A9629C8B63 Katayama, Kentaro. â€Å"Why Does Japan’s Saving Rate Decline So Rapidly? †. Policy Research Institute, Ministry of Finance, Japan. (Dec. 2006). 1 Dec. 2007. http://www. mof. go. jp/jouhou/soken/kenkyu/ron164. pdf. Noland, Marcus. , Sherman Robinson and Zhi Wang. â€Å"The Global Economic Effects of the Japanese Crisis†. The Peterson Institute for International Economics. 1 Dec. 2007. http://www. iie. com/publications/wp/wp. cfm? ResearchID=147.

Salvia divinorum, Herb of Mary, the Shepherdess Essay example -- Botan

Salvia divinorum, Herb of Mary, the Shepherdess Salvia divinorum Epling & J. Tiva-M. is a member of the mint family (or Lamiaceae) native to the mountains of Oaxaca, Mexico. It is used by the Mazatec Indians of the region, in a manner similar to psilocybian mushrooms and lysergic acid-containing morning glory seeds, as a ritual entheogen (hallucinogen) and divinatory aid. It is propagated vegetatively by the Mazatecs, and no wild specimens of the plant have been observed by researchers. The diterpene salvinorin A is the chemical responsible for the visionary effects of this species. The plant now enjoys limited use among "basement shamans" in the North as an entheogen similar to LSD and psilocybian mushrooms, and is sometimes cultivated for this reason. Description A collection of Salvia divinorum suitable for identification was originally made by Wasson and Hofmann in 1962 and described by Epling and J. Tiva-M. as a new species (Epling and J. Tiva-M. 1962). The description was later amended by Reisfield. The plant is a perennial herb with trailing stems that grow from 0.5 to 1.5 m tall and have a square shape characteristic of mints. The flowers are white, turning blue with age, and borne on racemes (Reisfield 1993). It was originally described by Schultes as having all blue flowers, due to the fact that the calyces are blue (Ott 1996). Nutlets are rare among greenhouse cultivated plants, and have never been observed in the wild (Reisfield 1993). The cloud forests and tropical evergreen forests of the Sierra Mazateca mountain range provide the ideal conditions for S. divinorum growth. It lives in dark, humid areas at an elevation of between 300 and 1800 m. Propagation is vegetative, through rooting at the nodes of the l... ...e to be concerned that S. divinorum and salvinorin A have the potential to become "drugs of abuse" (Valds 1994). Bibliography Epling, C. and J. Tiva-M., C. 1962. A new species of Salvia from Mexico. Botanical Museum Leaflets, Harvard University 20: 75-76. Ott, J. 1996. Psychoactive Card IV: Salvia divinorum Epling et Jativa. Eleusis 4: 31-39. Ott, J. 1993. Pharmacotheon. Natural Products. Kenniwick, WA. Valds, L.J., III; DÂ ¡az, J.L. & Paul, A.G. 1983. Ethnopharmacology of Ska Maria Pastora (Salvia divinorum, Epling and J tiva-M.). Journal of Ethnopharmacology 7: 287-312. Valds, L.J., III. 1994. Salvia divinorum and the unique diterpene hallucinogen, salvinorin (divinorin) A. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 26(3): 277-283. Wasson, R.G. 1962. A new Mexican psychotropic drug from the mint family. Botanical Museum leaflets, Harvard University 20: 77-84. Salvia divinorum, Herb of Mary, the Shepherdess Essay example -- Botan Salvia divinorum, Herb of Mary, the Shepherdess Salvia divinorum Epling & J. Tiva-M. is a member of the mint family (or Lamiaceae) native to the mountains of Oaxaca, Mexico. It is used by the Mazatec Indians of the region, in a manner similar to psilocybian mushrooms and lysergic acid-containing morning glory seeds, as a ritual entheogen (hallucinogen) and divinatory aid. It is propagated vegetatively by the Mazatecs, and no wild specimens of the plant have been observed by researchers. The diterpene salvinorin A is the chemical responsible for the visionary effects of this species. The plant now enjoys limited use among "basement shamans" in the North as an entheogen similar to LSD and psilocybian mushrooms, and is sometimes cultivated for this reason. Description A collection of Salvia divinorum suitable for identification was originally made by Wasson and Hofmann in 1962 and described by Epling and J. Tiva-M. as a new species (Epling and J. Tiva-M. 1962). The description was later amended by Reisfield. The plant is a perennial herb with trailing stems that grow from 0.5 to 1.5 m tall and have a square shape characteristic of mints. The flowers are white, turning blue with age, and borne on racemes (Reisfield 1993). It was originally described by Schultes as having all blue flowers, due to the fact that the calyces are blue (Ott 1996). Nutlets are rare among greenhouse cultivated plants, and have never been observed in the wild (Reisfield 1993). The cloud forests and tropical evergreen forests of the Sierra Mazateca mountain range provide the ideal conditions for S. divinorum growth. It lives in dark, humid areas at an elevation of between 300 and 1800 m. Propagation is vegetative, through rooting at the nodes of the l... ...e to be concerned that S. divinorum and salvinorin A have the potential to become "drugs of abuse" (Valds 1994). Bibliography Epling, C. and J. Tiva-M., C. 1962. A new species of Salvia from Mexico. Botanical Museum Leaflets, Harvard University 20: 75-76. Ott, J. 1996. Psychoactive Card IV: Salvia divinorum Epling et Jativa. Eleusis 4: 31-39. Ott, J. 1993. Pharmacotheon. Natural Products. Kenniwick, WA. Valds, L.J., III; DÂ ¡az, J.L. & Paul, A.G. 1983. Ethnopharmacology of Ska Maria Pastora (Salvia divinorum, Epling and J tiva-M.). Journal of Ethnopharmacology 7: 287-312. Valds, L.J., III. 1994. Salvia divinorum and the unique diterpene hallucinogen, salvinorin (divinorin) A. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 26(3): 277-283. Wasson, R.G. 1962. A new Mexican psychotropic drug from the mint family. Botanical Museum leaflets, Harvard University 20: 77-84.