The Big Five model Essay Example for Free

The Big Five model EssayThe Big Five model is an inventory tool which is very helpful in assessing ones temper by evaluating five dimensions these attributes are conscientiousness, openness to experience, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism. Although these five dimensions alone cannot explain the human personality in its entirety, psychologists have agreed that these dimensions do encompass both heredity and environmental factors. This model has proved to be sort of effective in evaluating potential candidates for jobs since the measure of its dimensions can be gibe to performance outcomes of various job roles (Tyler Newcombe, 2006). Conscientiousness is a dimension of the human psyche which emphasizes the need to be disciplined and goal-oriented. Individuals who have a high level of conscientiousness are usually very duty-bound and organized. Openness to experience is a personality trait which influences the extent to which an individual is open towards new and twee t concepts and thoughts. Individuals who are well-endowed with this trait are very creative and outstanding in problem-solving due to the ability to expand their horizons. Extraversion is an inclination to socialize and interact. lot who posses a high level of extraversion are out-spoken and tend to easily mingle with new people. Agreeableness is a quality of being accommodative of opposite peoples actions and opinions. People who posses this quality are cooperative and work extremely well in groups. Neuroticism is a tendency to frequently and shortly experience negative emotions such as depression, anger, anxiety or fear (University of Wisconsin). Neurotic individuals exhibit unpredictable behavior and mood swings due to the inability to solemnize their emotions under check.Samanthas decent score in openness to experience signifies her willingness to experiment with new ideas. Her moderately high score in agreeableness implies that she is quite unbiased, fairly analytical and do es not take things personally. Samanthas excellent score in conscientiousness suggests that she is a very dependable and self-motivated person who is capable of gaining the complaisance of her associates. Her outstanding scores in extraversion vouch for her dynamic personality and indicate that she is free of inhibitions.She also has low neurotic scores, which implies that she is a calm and make up person. All these are indispensable qualities of a good leader and would certainly make Samantha an excellent manager. Reference Tyler, G. and Newcombe, P. (2006). Relationship between work performance and personality traits in Hong Kong organizational settings. International Journal of Selection Assessment, 14, 37-50. University of Wisconsin. (n. d. ). A Quick Overview of the Big Five Model of Personality. Retrieved 28 January, 2007 from http//www. uwmc. uwc. edu/psychology/big_five. htm

Theories of attribution bias Essay Example for Free

Theories of attri preciselyion bias EssayAttribution theory is concerned with how individuals interpret events and how this relates to their opinion and behaviour. Heider (1958) was the first to propose a psychological theory of attribution, but Weiner and colleagues (e.g., Jones et al, 1972 Weiner, 1974, 1986) developed a theoretical framework that has become a major research prototype of social psychologyFundamental attribution errorThe fundamental attribution error focuses generally on how people explain how and why things happen in a social setting. There is a strong tendency for people to explain their own behavior as a function of external situations, but attribute the behavior of others to internal factors. The fundamental attribution error explains why people often blame other people for things over which they usually cause no control.The term blaming the victim is often used by social psychologists to describe a phenomenon in which people blame innocent victims of c rimes for their misfortune. The actor-observer bias tends to be more pronounced in situations where the outcomes are negative.For example, someone might say they did poorly on an exam because it was very difficult or unfair. But when explaining anothers behavior, they would be more likely to attribute something internal, like not studying enough.Actor observer effectThe actor-observer bias is a term in social psychology that refers to a tendency to attribute ones own actions to external causes, while attributing other peoples behaviors to internal causes. Essentially, people tend to make different attributions depending upon whether they are the actor or the observer in a situation.3.1 Self-monitoring in social encounters- Snyder 87-953.1 self-disclosure in social encounters- wiemann Giles/Jourard713.1 self-presentation in social encounters- duck 88 influence people in autocratic way

Corrosion Inhibition of Metal Using Lawsonia Inermis Extract

Corrosion Inhibition of arise Using Lawsonia Inermis ExtractIntroductionMetal and alloy argon widely employ in various fields of industries. Its commonly pulmonary tuberculosis in big industries such as manufacturing, bear upon and others. exclusively surface and alloy used tend to face the corroded state due to the exposure to different chemic substance and substances that prat lead to the erosion. This phenomenon has reverse important especially in acidulousic media because of the increased industrial applications of acid dissolving agents. For examples in industrial refining crude oil, acid pickling, industrial cleaning, acid descaling, oil-well acid in oil recovery and the petrochemical movees. Corrosion happens when the equipment surface was attacked by a strong acid. So in erect to embarrass the corrosion happen, inhibitors train been used to reduce the rate of coat corrosion.Corrosion inhibitor is a chemical that preempt slow down the acid attacked which foo t lead to the corrosion on the exercise pipe, tubing or some(prenominal) other metal that contacted with acid during treatment. This chemical when added even in small submerging on corrosive media, it get out prevent the chemical re proceeding between metal and media. Many studies have been carried out to find the suitable compound that can be used as inhibitors. These studies reported that, both synthetic compound and plant pull out can be used as corrosion inhibitors. But, usage synthetic compound as inhibitor has been limited. Most of them are highly toxic to both human and environmental.Therefore, non-toxic and natural inhibitors such as plant pluck have been used because of their environmentally acceptable, readily available and renewable source. One of the plant extend that have been used as inhibitor is Lawsonia inermis (henna leaves) raise. Henna is an herb which has dyeing properties used in Asia and North Africa. Inhibitive action of henna commit as a cheap, eco-f riendly and naturally occurring stifling on some metal such as aluminium, iron, zinc and nickel in acidic, neutral and alkaline solution has been investigated.Literature ReviewIn order to avoid from use synthetic compound, there are other alternative compound which can be used as an inhibitor. Previous research has been carried out and proved that plant extract can be use in corrosion suppression. Plant extract consists of chemical compositions lead to prevent metal from corroded. But Buchweishaija (2008) state that among of the plant extract, Lawsonia inermis (henna leaves) was the good one due to the high inhibition dexterity of henna leaves extract. Furthermore, the large meter of henna leaves exist which makes it easy to find it in the Asia and North Africa. Also the approximately important thing is the unique chemical composition present in Lawsonia inermis by functioning as an inhibitor. Chemical Composition of Henna LeavesResearch was carried out to determine the chemica l composition contain in henna leaves that can act as corrosion inhibitor. It has been discovered that henna leaves contain soluble matter, Lawsone (2- Hydroxyl-1,4-naphthoquinone, C10H6O3), gallic acid (3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid, C7H6O5) and dextrose (-D-Glucose, C6H12O6) (Ostovari et al., 2009). Henna leaves in addition contain other chemical such as resin, coumarins, sterols and tannic acid (Ostovari et al., 2009). The main components of henna extract are hydroxy aromatic compound like tannin and Lawsone. Tannin or alike known as tannic acid present with a core glucose and methyl gallate groups (El-Etre et al., 2005). Tannin which acts as an inhibitor attributes the formation of a passivating layer of tannates on the metal surface (Boot Mercer, 1964).Besides, Lawsone also a main part of henna extract that had been mentioned earlier. The coordinate of Lawsone is shown in Figure 2.1 below.Figure 2.1 Lawsone organize (C10H6O3) (Hamdy Nour, 2012)The Figure 2.1 above shows tha t, Lawsone structure consists of benzene, p-benzoquinone and phenolic group (Abdolahi Shadizadeh, 2012). By looking at the structure in Lawsone, we can know that henna extract is an organic compound and the IUPAC name for the Lawsone structure is 2-hydroxy-1, 4-naphthoquinone (Rajedran et al., 2009). Lawsone molecule is a ligand that can chelate with various metal cations and then forming a complex compound. So it can perform corrosion inhibition on metal through absorption method (Ostovari et al., 2009). Mechanism of inhibitionThe mechanism of inhibition involves blocking metal surface by inhibiting through adsorption. Adsorption process is affected by nature of metal and chemical structure of the inhibitor (Ostovari et al., 2009). The obtain results from previous studies indicate that Lawsonia inermis extract achieve good inhibition for the corrosion of any metal such as C-steel, nickel, and zinc in various mediums of solution (El-Etre et al.,2005). To perform the inhibitory act ion, there are some components in henna extract which will act as inhibitors. As had been stated earlier, the main components of Lawsonia inermis extract are hydroxy aromatic compound which consists tannin and Lawsone (El-Etre et al., 2005). Both tannin and Lawsone have its own function and mechanism to perform the inhibition action between the metal and henna extract successfully.TanninThe first component is tannin. The inhibitive action of tannin was ascribed to the establishment of a passivating layer of tannates on the metal surface (Rajagopalan et al., 1969 Booth Mercer, 1964). The formation of complex compounds with different metal cations can be form by tannin component especially in the basic media. El-Etre et al. (2005) reported that the formation of tannin complexes may be working well for the inhibition in the alkaline media rather than acidic solution it because tannins are limited inhibition in acidic media. Thus, tannin component in Lawsonia inermis extract is suitabl e to use in the manufacture of anti-rusting paints and coating.LawsoneThe other main element in the Lawsonia inermis extract is Lawsone which has higher concentration than other elements. Lawsone molecule is a ligand that can chelate with metal cations which will form complex compounds. Ligands typically consist in organic compound. Insoluble complex was formed when metal cations combine with Lawsone molecule and it was absorbed on the metal surface. This is how Lawsone compound give inhibition action to the metal. There is such method that can prove the formation of metal complex which the method is conductometric titration. Mechanism of Conductometric Titration systemOften, conductometric titration was conducted to obtain substantial support for the formation of metal complex (Amin, 2002). Several procedures were conducted to confirm the formation of metal complexes. Conductance measurement was carried out with a Jenway 4510 conductivity meter. Lawsonia inermis extract was titrated in separated experiments with some metal in solutions that have different pH value. As the result of the titration, non-complexes of metal ion was reacted with reagent first which leads it to a reduction in the conductivity of the solution. However, the higher amount of ligand (henna extract) does non change the value of conductivity (Ostovari et al., 2009). These results signify that the formation of metal-complex through the chelation of Lawsone molecules and the metal cations with stoichiometric ratio of 11 and 21 as shown in Figure 2.2.Figure 2.2 Forms of Metal-Lawsonia complexes (El-Etre et al., 2005)So, it can be conclude that the inhibition action of Lawsone was happen and prove that henna leaves extract can act as inhibitor (Abdolahi Shadizadeh, 2012). Mechanism of Lawsone RearrangementIn the acidic solution or known as acidic media, aromatic compound whose structure let in a cyclic delocalized -electron system are susceptible to electron delocalization, espe cially a ring containing only carbon such as benzene (Lide, 2006). Delocalization of -electron is to brace the molecule. As the bond angles of carbon in benzene are trigonal (sp2), then the ring become flat. So these angles just fit the 120o angles of a rule-governed hexagon and this flatness allow the overlap of the p-orbitals in both directions that lead the delocalization and stabilization (Marrison Boyd, 1983). So thats why it needs delocalization to stabilize the structure.In the other smirch of Lawsone molecule in acidic media, delocalization of the lone pair of electrons on hydroxyl group takes place resulting in the rearrangement as shown in Figure 2.3.Figure 2.3 suffice of electron delocalization on the Lawsone molecule (Ostovari et al., 2009)The migration of the hydrogen atom with a pair of electrons from an adjacent carbon to the carbon bearing caused the rearrangement occur. Carbon that loses the migrating group obtained the positive charge. This is the most common kind of the rearrangement which known as 1,2- rearrangement. Then, with the existence of metal cations, it will enhance the complex formation of reaction (Ostovari et al., 2009). Then the complex formation reaction of rearrangement was enhanced by adding henna extract in solution. So, the metal complexes are stabilized. The formation of these stabilized complexes between Lawsone molecule and metal cations give the high inhibition efficiencies in acidic media.Besides, Mikhael et al (2004) reported that henna constituent has antioxidant characteristic particularly by the naphthoquinones. It also state that, gallic acid also can be used as an oxygen scavenger in boiler system (Soderquist, 1990). Therefore, the oxygen scavenger characteristic of henna extract was attributed to another mechanism for inhibition. However in the acidic media, the main cathodic reaction at the surface is a hydrogen evaluation (Ait Chikh et al., 2005). Hence, the oxygen scavenging characteristic of henna is n ot the main responsible mechanism for the observed inhibition of henna extract. In addition, it is confirmed that the inhibition mechanism is the chemisorption of inhibitor molecule on the metal surface and it had been verified through thermodynamic parameter and conductometric titration. So as a conclusion, the main inhibitor mechanism chemisorption is through the chemisorption of inhibitor molecules on metal surface. While, the inhibitive action slightly enhanced through oxygen scavenging. (Ostovori et al, 2009).Comparison Henna Extract with Other InhibitionThere is another organic compound that can be used as inhibitor besides henna extract. Previous studies has been conducted to test the inhibition efficiency of henna and five other organic compound inhibitor used in acidizing treatment. Table 2.1 show the result of inhibition efficiency of these six inhibitors.Table 2.1 Inhibition efficiency of MEA, DEA, TEA, and henna API steel (Abdollahi Shadizade, 2012)Refer to the Table 2. 1 above the inhibition efficiency was compared between Monoethanolamine (MEA), Diethanolamines (DEA), Triethanolamines (TEA), Dibenzylidene acetone (DBA), Di-N-dimethylaminobenzylidene acetone (DDABA) and henna. The inhibition efficiency of MEA, DEA, TEA and henna at temperature 28oC are 82%, 80%, 78% and 85.98% respectively. Based on the result, it shows that henna has the higher inhibition efficiency than MEA, DEA and TEA.Morever as shown in Table 2.1, the inhibition efficiency of henna extract at 28oC is higher than inhibition efficiency of DDABA with 73.8% IE. Furthermore result also shown that inhibition concentration of henna extract is less than all inhibitors with the same temperature eventhough it have higher inhibition efficiency. So we can conclude that, with the small concentration of henna leaves extract, it can act as inhibitor with higher inhibition efficiency rather than other listed inhibitors which have bigger concentration but average of inhibition efficiency is l ow than henna extract.In addition, research still focused to the amount of henna leaves extract in order to apply it in industries as now the amount of henna is quiet small to apply it. So, the experimental must be conducted by using larger amount of henna leaves and various metalsProblem StatementNowadays, metal and alloy are widely used in various industries especially in manufacturing and processing. But the problem is the metals used tend to faced corrosive when the surface of equipment attacked by strong acid media or any other media. But mostly, acidic media are the main causes for corrosive to happen due to the increasing of industrial application an acid solution. So in order to prevent from corrosion of metal, inhibitor has been used. However the use of synthetic compound as inhibitor is extremely dangerous either to the body and the environment due to the toxicity. Thus, studies are conducted to find the non-toxic and natural inhibitors. The study shows that plant extract can be used as corrosion inhibitor. One of them is henna leaves extract. Besides being environmentally acceptable and readily available, henna leaves extract also cheap as its easy to find in Asia and North Africa and renewable sources.ObjectivesThere are few objectives that has been studies in order to solve corrosion phenomenon and carried out the research on corrosion inhibitor of metal by using Lawsonia inermis extract. The objectives areStudy of corrosion inhibition of metal by using henna leaves extract.Analysis mechanism of inhibition towards metal.Investigate the differences between henna leaves extract with other inhibitor.

Evaluation of a social work practice

military rank of a social work practiceEvaluation of Social Work Practice with Hispanic Children and FamiliesExample of a practice evaluationA practice evaluation is a review and evaluation of item-by-item practice within computer programme and how the practice affects the person or recipient of services. Within The bureau for Hope and Restoration, is the R charge and Rescue program has service practices for the outreach workers is to break the streets to identify possible victims, such as prostitutes, exotic dancers, and/or service workers, such as cooks, busboys, waitresses, and day laborers. The outreach workers pull up stakes information about the other programs of the agency, to allow in how they can provide a safe place to stay, help the victim learn how to be a survivor, provision of advocacy and legal services, etc and offer redeem service, to include transportation to the Safe Harbor program and the other programs within The Place for Hope and Restoration. How thes e service practice affect the person is essential in identifying the impact to the individual, the staff, the agency and the community. Some areas of practice to be reviewed would include access, safety, effectiveness of outreach, raid procedures, barriers to the raid and rescue process, along with the ineluctably of the individuals and program. Through the use of data, such as structured record reviews, individual case reviews, surveys or other data, the program practices can be evaluated regarding the efficacy, efficiency, and outcomes. Through evaluation of the practices of the wear out and Rescue program, stakeholders leave alone be able to determine the ongoing needs of the practices, identify program deficits and determine if the practices are meeting the defined outcome measures for the target population and the community. This should serve the overall program in determining the need to continue, modify, or discontinue the practice utilized by the Raid and Rescue program to meet the needs of the stakeholders. Example of a Program EvaluationA program evaluation is the systematic review of a programs current (and future) interventions, outcomes, and efficiency to aid in case and program-level decision making in an effort for our profession to become more accountable to stakeholder groups (Grinnell, Gabor, Unrau, 2012, p.26). Program evaluations come in a build of formats, but should include evaluation of the programs goal(s), mission, program objectives, practice objectives and activities (Grinnell, Gabor, Unrau, 2012, p. 55) to determine if the outcomes and purpose of the program are being met. As noted previously, The Place for Hope and Restoration has multiple departments including outreach, Safe Harbor, fundraising, advocacy and policy, and administrative services. Within each department there are several programs. An example of this is the outreach department has the Raid and Rescue and Community Outreach programs under it. Each program then h as specific goals to meet the needs and requirements of the stakeholders and funding source(s). A program evaluation is focused on the specific program, not the department nor the specific practices, though they are part of the comprehensive program evaluation. Utilization of the Six-Steps of the Program Evaluation ProcessThe first of six-spot musical notes of the evaluation process for a program would include the engagement of stakeholders. To evaluate the Raid and Rescue Program, stakeholders would need to be identified and engaged to provide feedback. This allow for be accomplished through and through a variety of formats including public hearings, meeting with community service coalition groups, and the use of standardized survey tools. twain internal and external stakeholders should be gnarly in this evaluation process. Internal stakeholders would include those involved in the operation of the program. This includes, but is not limited to, funders, tabular array members, administrators, staff and volunteers. External stakeholders would include law enforcement, legal services, community service programs, family members, elected officials, and the community-at-large. The recipients of services are also key stakeholders and need to be involved in the evaluation process, both those who are currently participating in the program, those who have transitioned into other programs of the agency and those who either refused or did not follow through with accessing raid and rescue.The next step in evaluating the program would be to clearly describe the program. To do this one must identify the expected effects, activities, resources, stage of development, context, and logical system model (Grinnell, Gabor, Unrau, 2012, p. 31). This will be achieved through the review of the agencys strategic plan, the mission statement, funding requirements, and various other agency resources that describe what the purpose and goals of the program. The third step of this prog ram evaluation process is to develop a plan of how the program will be evaluated. For the Raid and Rescue program, the Theory of Change will be utilized to determine if the program is effective and what the practices are effective within the program. This will be completed through a retrospective chart review, guest and stakeholder surveys, and stakeholder focus groups. Step four is the gathering and evaluation of data (Grinnell, Gabor, Unrau, 2012, p. 32). For this program the data from the surveys, chart reviews, and focus groups will be gathered, analyzed to determine strengths and areas of need. information will be presented as both qualitative and quantitative data, to demonstrate success rate, completion rate and other variables, determined by the stakeholders. Outcomes towards program goals will also be evaluated to determine if Raid and Rescue is reaching victims and if their practices are helping victims. Step five is tied directly into step four of the evaluation process as this is the development of conclusions and making recommendations, based upon the data. To complete this step one must judge the data against agreed-upon values or standards set by the stakeholders (Grinnell, Gabor, Unrau, 2012, p. 33) and present the conclusions in a clear and consise manner. Lastly, there is a need for follow-up regarding the program evaluation in order to ensure the process was meaningful. The results should be disseminated, meetings should take place to review the results with key stakeholders, such as advisory committees, management staff, project teams in order to prioritize any needs and outliers of the program and develop action plans, based upon the identified needs or to continue current practices. The stakeholders should also be provided information regarding the successes of the program through focus groups, coverage results back to coalition groups, and through the use of media, such as newsletter articles, social media formats, program reports to funders, and formal reports to board members. ReferencesGrinnell, R. G. (2012). Program Evaluation for Social Workers (Sixth ed.). new-fashioned York, N.Y. Oxford University Press, Inc.

The Rise And Challenge Of Neoliberalism To Neorealism Politics Essay

The Rise And Challenge Of Neoliberalism To Neorealism Politics EssayThe neo or the new kind of liberalism and realism was developed in the 1970s as a significant change in theories of Inter discipline Relations. The neoliberalism is an advancement of liberalism deeming, as it believes to a cooperation and interdependence among States and non- recite actors, while the neorealisms theory is focused on the opinion of conflict. For the liberals or neoliberals, they contract a more(prenominal) optimistic view of collected relations, but compared to liberals the neoliberals are highly focused on creating institutions to manage the global brass.The neorealists compared to realists bespeak that the causes of conflict are different. While realists believe that the egoism of solid grounds create conflict, the neorealists explain that the conflict comes from the anarchy, as the lack of authority involves states to go acrossk power and develop a administration of self-help.The devel opment of neoliberal theory was formulated by Robert O. Keohane and Joseph S. Nye (1977) based on interdependence model.The shower of neorealism school is Kenneth Waltz (1979), he stands out from realists around the question of the balance of power. For realists the equilibrium results from the entrustingness of politicians, but Waltz believes that the balance of power is an attribute to the external system which is composed of selfish units, regulate themselves. Thus for him, the little major powers there are, the more stable the transnational system is. Therefore the number of poles is reduced to increase system rigidity and more people charter carefully.Having in mind this above statement, the main purpose of this essay is to examine in some detail how neoliberalism is a response to neorealism and how it can take exception the realisms simple approach and neorealist theory of the international system.To begin with an analysis of the rise of neoliberalism, it is important to explain the main concept of this theory as this is also the rise of institutions, of pluralism, of rationality. Then, by different ideas from authors the discussion and argument on the debate will be analysed in install to identify the key points of neoliberalism to counter neorealism.The renewal of liberalism occurred after military personnel War II to regulate international system for a peaceful world order. The ideas of neoliberalism are based on cooperation done international institutions and international organizations, which fill an important role in the international distribution of wealth and power to maintain stability. Indeed, the major authors identical Stephen Krasner (1982) and the founder of neoliberal thought, Robert O. Keohane (1984) has published a deem After hegemony and both develop an hegemonic stability theory, they argue that the hegemon provides public goods by institutions (e.g. International pecuniary Fund, earth Trade Organization), determine the content of rules and procedures of cooperation in order to act in the interest of all. Thus the hegemon provides a necessary and sufficient function for the creation and maintenance of international regimes. The neoliberals saw institutions concentrated on international regimes defined by Krasner (1983) as institutions possessing norms, decision rules, and procedures which facilitate a convergence of expectations.Neoliberalism also refers to a rise of pluralism, which is viewed as the source of liberal justification (Robert B. Talisse, 2005, pp. 60) that relies on the assumption of rationality. This leads to an interaction between states, as the rationality involves them to focus on strategy in which actions will lead to reactions by others, then the result will depend on the interaction of other state strategies (Tim Dunne, et al., 2007). Thus the pluralism involves multiple forces in the international system. As David Armstrong, et al., (2007, pp. 85) state neoliberals no longer looked inside states, at how they are politically organized, but rather followed neorealists in treating states as rational actors.The rise of neoliberalism leads to an emergence of international institutions, often called neoliberal institutionalism is focused on corporal actors, as they provide rules and norms that support the interaction of states that will work all together. Neoliberals are much more pragmatic than liberals. The notion of international institutions (e.g. International Monetary Fund, World Bank) differs from liberals, especially after the publication of Robert O. Keohanes book After Hegemony (1984). The institutions switch a huge influence on states and have provided a right smart to challenge neorealism. International institutionalism can explain non-security policy areas, the focus goes beyond trade and development issues, like cooperation in trade, monetary policy or environmental testimonial (David Armstrong, et al., 2007).Thus, institutions, by pushing s tates to work together, facilitate international cooperation in reducing inherent uncertainties in anarchy. Also one of the major difference with realism is how they see the concept of anarchy (Grieco 1988).Both theories agree on state action and anarchy in world politics. Even if neoliberals recognise their proximity to neorealists, how they manage their similarities is different. comparable neorealists, states are important but run with other entities (institutions, organizations).The anarchy, for neorealists, is the absence of authority above states, leading to conflicts on international system. This also means that a state is the guardian of its own security and independence (Spanier, 1978 pp. 11), thus the guarantee of security and safety for states does not exist. The egoism for neorealists is based on the measurement of gains and have perceptiveness on relative gains where states refer to power balances (Grieco, 1988). They believe in hegemonic cooperation, where the hegem onic state holds the position of power to arbitrate any coalition in international system with a preponderance of scotch and military power (Hobson, J. M.,2000, pp 39). For neorealists, cooperation can be used to obtain some oddments, but it is limited and risky as it introduces the guess of attack from another state, even if the other state is an ally. According to Waltz for each state the prior research of security is achieved by relying only on itself.However would this lack of trust and cooperation to state of wards other states tend to a dependence of the hegemonic state ?Neoliberals in response have demonstrated that anarchy cannot only sens with a constant threat of use of force by major powers. Miller, B. (1995, pp. 52) in his book called When Opponents Cooperation Great Power Conflict and Collaboration in World Politics, has raised and competed theoretical perspectives to advance plausible explanations. He stated that the small number of nifty powers and the use of for ce are insufficient factors to induce cooperation in conflict resolutions. The cooperation under anarchy (Oye, K. 1986) is possible. Unlike neorealists, they argue that the concept of self-help is not the most profitable for a state because of the risk of war. The cooperation may respond to the self-interest of a state. Neoliberals argument is actually the strongest one because they introduced idea of complex interdependence (Robert O. Keohane and J. Nye, 1977) to explain how multiple actors, agencies and forces can be managed in the world system. Keohane and Nye do successfully challenge structural realists as they provide a better understanding of changing security. They explain, for example, that in post Cold War era the security changed through multiple communications in multipolar system. Moreover they argue that using force by military actions are costly and tend to negative effects on stinting refinements. This also leads to a risk of nuclear rise. Therefore, complex interde pendence assumed that the military power is not necessarily effective in economic and political interests of states.If issues occurred between great powers and smaller states, the great powers should dominate. However, the US experience in Vietnam (1961) shows the failure of neorealist theory on bipolar system.Keohane (1997, pp 187) has remarkably explained that Failure of great powers to control smaller ones could be explained on the basis of independent evidence that in the relevant issue- areas, the states that are weaker on an overall basis have more power resources than their stronger partners, and that the use of power derived from one area of activity to affect outcomes in other areas (through linkages) is difficult. Thus the complex interdependence has arguably challenged the neorealist theory in security concerns.The concept of Prisoners Dilemma, used by neorealists, is based on idea that they have a policy of self-help by default because they could not know the demeanor of other states. How to predict the behaviour of other states ? How to reduce the uncertainty in the situation of international anarchy ?The neoliberals responded by international institutions and international regimes creation. According to Keohane (1986) international regimes facilitate cooperation by reducing uncertainty. He argued that regimes were created to solve the Prisoners Dilemma concept where states share a common interest in cooperation. The regimes are operated between self-interest states aware of all the benefits they can get from the coordination of their policies. In contrast to neorealists, they are concerned with absolute gains getting the best possible deal. Grieco stated that State seeks to maximise their individual absolute gains and are indifferent to the gains achieved by others (Baldwin, 1993, pp 117).By using absolute gains neoliberals seek a long-term cooperation through institutions which are considered for neoliberal institutionalists as the mediator and the means to prevent to cheating in the world system (Baylis and Smith, 2001).Keohane and Nye (1977) have clearly defined the importance of institutions as powerful norms. Indeed, NGOs and networks are potently effective in penetrating states and use domestic norms and rules to force political leaders to focus on global issues.The most significant argument is found in neoliberalism theory because international institutions encourage the opportunity of negotiations and focus on collaboration and distributional issues. Thus the collective aim is to achieve a irresponsible outcome (Martin, Lisa L., and Beth A. Simmons, 1998).One of the relevant example to illustrate the importance of institutions is the World Trade Organization (the WTO agreement) created in 1995, its goal is to provide free trade agreements and fix disputes between nations. If governments are confident to other ones they would not establish barriers to trade and would not try to do so. Thus they will be more v oluntary to cooperate. The WTO system widely contributes to strengthen that trust and the negotiations lead to agreements by consensus. Small countries can benefit from greater bargaining power. It is important to remain that without a eleven-sided regime such as the WTO system, the more powerful countries could further unilaterally impose their force on their smaller trading partners. Thus smaller countries would have to deal individually with each of the major economic powers and would have more difficulties in resisting to pressures.But with the WTO system, smaller countries may be more effective if they have opportunities to create alliances and share their resources (e.g. Association of Southeast Asian Nations, 1967). Besides, major economic countries will also find their interest as they can negotiate with about all of their trading partners at a time.As emphasized earlier, neorealists greater focus on power and security as a core goal through military force and tangible ass ets, but for neoliberals the dominant goal is the welfare through institutions and organizations.Walts focus is based on anarchical structure of the international system, states compete each other in order to survive. Neorealists also share common ideas as defensive realism because anarchy causes a security quandary leading states to worry about one anothers future intentions. Thus leaders mistakenly believe in aggression to make their state secure. For example in the Cold War era, the Soviet Union with their nuclear weapons threaten the safety of America. One of the other popular neorealists, John Mearsheimer (2003), leader in offensive realism, believes in status quo power and blamed security competition between great powers.However the neoliberals concept on international institutions is the best means to avoid conflicts and uncongeniality as they have an independent causal impact because they oversee global tasks that states do not (T. Dunne, et al., 2009). As they represent a third party or neutral parties they have a complete autonomy to deal with states and promote values and goals on a global scale.One of the dominant strand for liberalists and neoliberalists is the participatory peace theory, based on Kants notions of Perpetual Peace. While neorealists completely dismiss this idea of democracy where states have no conflict among each other, neoliberals use this peaceful argument to counter neorealists on their use of force. The democratic peace theory is the argument that democracies do not tend to, or rarely go to war with each other. People are directly affected by decisions of war, the public opinion is therefore important as it affects the political behaviour.Democratic norms emphasize on the importance of dialogue and negotiation, the same for trade relations. Besides, the main reasons that democracies do not go to wars or militarized conflicts against each other are the fact that state leaders have cultural and institutional restrictions (Doyl e, 1986). Neoliberals stand as a challenge to neorealists in providing argument for peaceful and cooperative international relations through democratic peace.Michael Doyle (1983) finds three pillars based on first, peaceful conflict resolution between democratic states, second the common values among democratic states and third economic cooperation among democracies (R. Jackson, G. Sorensen, 2007, pp. 44).It is argued that this theory is also used as a tool to create homogenous world and challenge states sovereignty in the era of globalisation. Whereas neorealists think that globalisation does not exist because states only have state-interests. For them the globalisation would be economically bad, with negative outcomes such as dangerous inequality, rebellion, conflicts.In response to this negative idea, neoliberals think that globalisation can lead to community of states and new interests.Moreover, the democratic peace theorys benefit is to identify and condemn countries for huma n rights violations. While neorealists dismiss cultural differences between states, neoliberals emphasize the importance of culture and morality.For both, democracy must be normalized meaning that they have normative quality in which how the world ought to be or the way the world should be ordered. Democracy remains a moving target (M. Brown, et al., 1996, pp. 268) and is used by neoliberals to challenge neorealists as a response to war and a collective solution for peace.The American hegemony is also a debate between neoliberals and neorealists. This is, on the one hand, viewed as a hard power by neorealists as the USA have ability to impose their will on other political states in terms of military force, technological growth, they have permanent toilet in the UN Security Council, nuclear weapon power and economic power.On the other hand, the concept of haywire power (Nye, J.) has a different view of hegemony, as emphasized earlier, it used other means, like culture, ideology, in stitutions.If the power of the US, analyzed in terms of resources and influences, is obviously not what it was in the 1950s, but this decline should not be exaggerated. The pax Americana is more a myth than a reality, the US has never enjoyed a complete hegemony. Nye believes that they should consider sharing their leadership to face the transnational interdependence.Robert cyclooxygenase (Canadian neoliberal) thinks that hegemony and leadership terms are confused to describe the domination of one power in the international system. He stated that hegemony is a leadership by consent and is not a power struggle, but rather functions in a subtle way, by a kind of universal consent.Nye finds that the power definition has a lack of accordance. That is why he undertook two approaches of the power definition The first one, is to identify the factors of power they can be measured from natural resources, territory, tribe or as political factors from institutions, organisations. A clear u nderstanding of the factors are important to then define the power.The second approach is the goals of the power. For neorealists and realists the goals are the defense of national interests. However, Nye added that action fields of power are numerous and different.The challenge for the US is how to keep their hegemony as long as possible. In hard power the goal is to keep superiority, the US should more take active part in foreign conflicts (they tend to do since 9/11). As they cannot intervene everywhere (due to inseparable expenses) they must make a selection, necessarily based on national interests. In this instance their hegemony would appear as a strong supremacy. In soft power, the US must continue to promote exchanges and keep their advanced technology.As a response to neorealist theory, neoliberals argue that the use of force and a bilateral system are not effective. Arguments are based on peaceful world order by the creation of international institutions, organisations an d regimes. Indeed, these ideas have successfully challenged neorealist thoughts, as organisations like the WTO allowed to reduce conflicts and settle disputes. They especially lead to agreed members to cooperate through negotiations, the community of states is the main successful factor in order to avoid conflicts and wars.Finally, the notions of hegemony or power are used in both theories but have different meaning. Some similarities are also found in both, like universality, uniformity or anarchy and critics argue that instead of a debate this is more a neo-neo synthesis1.

Hiring Police Officers Essay -- Security Safety Law Enforcement Essays

Hiring Police OfficersHiring jurisprudence officers to perform private security drop dead has positive aspects and potential pitfalls. Business owners vary in their opinion on hiring guard officers. Liability and cost are reasons some prefer to hire private security guards or take other security measures. Other business owners prefer the training, professionalism, deterrence, and authority that come with hiring a guard officer. Due to lawsuits involving off-duty police officers, the Courts meet had to develop tests to determine when a moonlighting police officer is working under the authority of the private company or in the role of a calmness officer. Issues have arisen about the difference in police mentality and retail service. Some argue that police officers are not trained in the precept that the customer is always right. Others believe additional training can bridge the gap. Hiring off-duty police officers is big business and a growing field that benefits the community of interests and the officer.Pros and cons of hiring police officers to engage in private security workThe employment of off-duty officers in private security is a big business. An estimated 150,000 law enforcement officers engage in private security work on off-duty hours, and their combined income reaches $1.8 billion annually. The combined revenue of secondary police officer employment exceeds that of the combined top quaternity security companies in 1988 (Trimble 1993). There are many positive aspects of the program that benefit the community and the officer. But to some the positives aspects do not outweigh the interdict consequences of hiring police officers. In this paper, I will discuss the positive and negative aspects of hiring police officers for private security details, as well as, my personal experience, case law, and the polices of different police departments. HIRING OFF-DUTY POLICE OFFICERSWhy would a company want to pay for a police officer to work a security d etail at their store or facility? Police officers generally cost more to hire than a traditional security guard. What are the advantages that justify the cost? First, lets define what is an off-duty police officer? Police are traditionally thought to be on-duty 24 hours a day. When officers are not actually working at the department, their law enforcement authority is in a type of reserve status. It is not necessary fo... ...NCESBeaver, D. When police walk the security beat. Retrieved November 14th, 2004, from http//www.amguard.com/featured_article.htmBrooks, B. Off duty police patrol shops along US 78. Gwinnett Daily Post Online Edition. Retrieved on November 14, 2004, from http//www.gwinnettdailyonline/GDP/archive/article78D9E0F872E44EBB9F88Eiserer, T. (2001 October 28). Retailers face criticism over use of off duty police officers for security. Forth Worth Star Telegram. Malcolm, A. (1989, February 26). When private employers hire public police. New York Times, p. 1OLeary, C. ( 1985, December 1). Minyard insisting on off duty police for security. Supermarket News, v. 46 n. 30 p. 18Peck, D. (1999, October). When police walk the security beat. Security Magazine, v. 43 i. 10 p. 38Scarlett, T. (2001, April). Private employees of off duty police may be liable in Tennessee. Trial, v. 37 i. 4 p. 32Spain, N. (2002 October) Debate over using off duty police Which argument rings lawful for you? Security Management, v. 37 n. 2 p. 65Tolchin, M. (1985, December 1). Off duty officers doubling as private guards, but the system draws criticism. New York Times, v. 135 p. 41

Bertelsmann AG Financial Analysis Essay -- essays research papers fc

Bertelsmann AG Financial Analysis ReportHistoryBertelsmann AG was founded in July 1835 by Carl Bertelsmann as a print shop. initially the company concentrated on Christian books and songs. In 1849 Carl Bertelsmanns son Heinrich took over the publishing business, which employed 14, and extended the inventory of the publishing house to novels. At the time of his death in 1887, the staff had grown to 60.Next to head the company was Johannes Mohn, son-in-law of Heinrich. The companys growth slowed during this period and the focus was redirected to theological subjects. In 1910 he introduced paid vacation to the company. By 1921, when he turned control of the company over to his son Heinrich, the company had grown to 85 people.Under the leadership of Heinrich Bertelsmann, the company experienced rapid growth and by 1939, the publishing house had grown to employ 400 people. New marketing channels were added as the readership became more than mainstream in the late 1920s. On the verge of World War II, the company moved from classical literature and fiction to include books with militaristic themes and eventually publish books with nationalistic, racial and anti-Semitic content. The publisher insured its survival for most of the war by linking itself with the Nationalist Socialist ideology. Trouble started in 1944 when it was shut down by the German government as non-essential to the war effort and then crippled in March 1945 during an allied air raid on Gutersloh, in which yet some of the printing machines survived. After the war, the publisher was rebuilt by the fifth generation to lead Bertelsmann, Reinhart Hohn, whose influence continues to the present. He took the company from a medium-size printing company to a media conglomerate. In 1950 he established the Readers Circle, which bypassed the traditional marketing channels and allowed books to go directly to the reader. Within a year, it had 100,000 members and by 1954 membership had reached 1,000,000. The LP denominate Ariola Records was founded in 1958 which signaled the companys entry into the music market. Bertelsmann entered the film industry with the purchase of Ufa Filmproduktionsgesellschaft in 1964. Mohns transition of the company culminated in 1971 with incorporation. He remain... ...tor-Presse Stutgart. The sales to Asset Ratio of the Gruner + Jahr group is very high, at 1.90 ( collective is .81) which could indicate that demand is very strong. Sales to Asset Ratio of Random House is close to the corporate ratio at 1.02. The parent company also has a strong cash position, so operations in this division will have unhurt financial backing. Whether these efforts will be successful cannot be determined at this time, but Bertelsmann has a rich history and culture upon which to build.BibliographyApuzzo, Matt. Lawsuit Sony BMG Blacklisted Agent. Associated Press. 1 April 2005. 5 April 2005. .Bernstein, Leopold A. Financial Statement Analysis. Homewood, Illinois Ricard D. Irwin I nc., 1978.Bertelsmann Media Worldwide. 4 April 2005. .Bertelsmann Media Worldwide. 2004 Annual Report. Blelefeld. 4 March 2005.Bertelsmann Media Worldwide. 2003 Annual Report. Blelefeld. 15 March 2004.Bertelsmann Media Worldwide. Press Conference, Corporate Development and Strategy. Berlin. 17 March 2005.Surman, Matt. Bertelsmann Profit Rises in 2004. Business Week Online 17 March 2005. 4 April 2005 .Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Bertelsmann AG. 4 April 2005. .