It/240 Appendix E

Axia College Material Appendix E TCP/IP Network Planning Table Read questions 80 and 81 on pp. 274-275 of the text. Identify the problems with the TCP/IP network in each scenario and complete the table. Explain your answer for each of the scenarios. | | | | |Scenario |Problem |Explanation of proposed solution |Resources needed | |#80 |Two computers are on default gateways that are |The default gateway for computer 141. 171. 35. is |The computer will need to be accessed under the Administrator profile and the command| | |not optimal or are undefined, meaning the |not located on the network. This computer is |prompt opened. Type in â€Å"ipconfig/ release† followed by â€Å"ipconfig/ renew† to resolve | | |default gateway used is not on the existing |located in the ring topology subnet. The gateway |these issues. | | |network or the default gateway is not the best |should be set to 141. 171. 34. 7 to resolve the | | | |choice for connecting the computer. |issue with com puter 141. 171. 35. 3. | | | | | | | | | |The computer 141. 71. 40. 3, on the star subnet, | | | | |should have its default gateway changed to | | | | |141. 171. 40. 15. | | |#81 |The computer at 141. 171. 35. 3 is attempting to |The computer at 141. 171. 35. should have its |Again, the computer should be logged in with the Administrator profile and â€Å"ipconfig/| | |use a default gateway which is not located on |default gateway set to 141. 171. 34. 17. |release† followed by â€Å"ipconfig/ renew† should be typed in the command prompt on both | | |its subnet. | |machines to ensure connectivity to the proper gateways. | | | |The computer at 141. 171. 0. 3 should have its | | | |The gateway used by computer 141. 171. 40. 3 is |default gateway set to 141. 171. 40. 15 to optimize | | | |not optimizing connections between the computer|its connection. | | | |and others on the network. The computer should | | | | |use another gateway to optimize its | | | | |connectivity. | | |

The Sociological Context Of Healthcare Health And Social Care Essay

Ethnicity is a socially constructed term that refers to people sing themselves as different from another type of people in footings of hereditary background, faith, linguistic communication, civilization and where they originate from geographically. Harmonizing to Dyson ( 2005 ) , minority cultural groups are perceived to hold a different civilization or national tradition as compared to the bulk of the population. This explains that different cultural groups co-exist in England and the remainder of the UK. Harmonizing to Taylor and Field ( 2003 ) , this includes people of Afro- Caribbean descent, Africans and Asians merely to advert a few. Taylor and Field ( 2003, pg 72 ) suggest that being cultural agencies, â€Å" †¦ to be seen as a belongings of being black or Asiatic and in the minority†¦ † On the other manus, the bulk white population consists of the mainstream white British society that is dominant in the whole population. Furthermore, harmonizing to the Disea se Control Priorities Project ( 2006 ) , wellness position is a term used to mention to all countries of the wellness of persons in a state and the whole population ; and it includes disablements, mortality hazards and diseases. Therefore, harmonizing to statistics and statements by wellness specializers, sociologists and the media in Britain have ever argued that there is clear grounds of difference in the wellness position of minority cultural groups and the bulk white population. Some wellness sociologists argue that minority cultural groups in Britain and the UK tend to hold a less desirable and worse wellness position compared to the bulk white population due to several factors. Taylor and Field ( 2003 ) argue that racial favoritism undermines the wellness of minority cultural groups whether direct or indirect therefore impacting the people ‘s right to an first-class wellness service. Furthermore, they argue that due to the widening spread in mortality between the upper category and the working category has lead to ill wellness amongst cultural minority communities ; which hence has lead to the differences in wellness positions. Naidoo and Wills ( 2001 ) gave an illustration of institutional racism whereby slow reactions by health care professionals to cultural minority wellness have lead to less reding and testing for instances like reaping hook cell upset and thalassemia. Nazroo ( 1997a, cited in Culley and Dyson, 2001, pg 39 ) , argues that â€Å" †¦ the wellness positions of minority cultural groups in the UK appear, by and large talking, to be worse than the wellness position of the white populations†¦ † . This is a general statement that minority cultural groups are more challenged in footings of wellness compared to the bulk white group. Here, they have concluded from detecting forms in deceases and the causes amongst the population. Harmonizing to Culley and Dyson ( 2001 ) , they have observed forms in cultural factors, background, genetic sciences handiness of wellness services and economic factors. Harmonizing to the 1991 Census ( Culley and Dyson, 2001 ) the worse decease rates were for those persons born outside the UK. Marmot et Al ( 1984 ) published consequences of a survey which had been conducted between 1970 and 1978, on cultural minorities who died aged over twenty old ages in Britain and found out that all cultural mi norities born outside Britain had a higher decease rate runing from mere accidents to tuberculosis compared to the bulk white population. In physical wellness, statistical grounds indicates that persons born in the Caribbean tend to hold lower decease rates as a consequence of lung malignant neoplastic disease, whilst Indian persons besides have high decease hazards due to lung malignant neoplastic disease ; in comparing to Irish and Scots persons who have had high decease hazards from bosom disease and lung malignant neoplastic disease. Taylor and Field ( 2003 ) argued that Asiatic groups tend to hold higher rates of bosom disease and diabetes compared to the bulk white population. They besides observed that the Black groups tend to hold higher rates of high blood force per unit area, diabetes and shot compared to the bulk white population. Sproston and Mindell ( 2006 ) found out from the 2004 Health Survey for England consequences that Indian male childs in Britain have a higher frequence of extended unwellness compared to the misss and other cultural minority groups. In support of consequences from a wellness study, Nazroo ( 1997a ) explained that minority cultural groups indicated well high degrees of self-reported ailment wellness compared to the white population ; particularly those of Pakistani/ Bangladeshi and Caribbean descent. They all reported worse bosom wellness and instances of diabetes compared to their white opposite numbers. In relation to mental wellness instances, Karlsen et Al ( 2005 ) argued that higher rates of treated mental wellness jobs ( schizophrenic disorder ) have been reported for cultural minorities particularly black groups compared to their white opposite numbers. Morgan et Al ( 2004 ) found out that immature black African and Caribbean work forces tend to acquire more constabularies invasion and fewer hospitalization, household intercession and rehabilitation taking to long periods of psychotic agony compared to any other societal group. Reasons from these sociologists were that: Afro Caribbean male childs have been labelled as violent and threatening by head-shrinkers so the minute they approach them for aid, they are already viewed as excessively disturbed upon first presentation at the GP ( physicians ‘ ) . Surveies besides indicated a higher standard mortality rate ( SMR ) amongst Caribbean ; with work forces making 176, whilst 210 for adult females for mental health-related jo bs. However, these statistics did non include the Irish minority. Concentrating on mental wellness, harmonizing to Culley and Dyson ( 2001 ) , surveies have shown a high prevalence of persons from African and Afro-Caribbean descent to be three to five times more likely than Whites to be diagnosed with schizophrenic disorder ( Bagley, 1971 ; Littlewood and Lipsedge, 1988 ) . Cochrane and Bal ( 1989 ) observed that these consequences apply more to immature African and Afro Caribbean work forces who largely were born in Britain. Nazroo ( 1997b ) observed the Fourth National Survey of Ethnic Minorities and found out that Caribbean young persons enduring from mental wellness jobs yearly amounted to fourteen per 1000 compared to the Whites ‘ eight per 1000. This brings out a decision that a greater per centum of cultural minorities had a worse wellness position compared to the white bulk. Furthermore, harmonizing to Balarajan and Botting ( 1989 ) , the pre-birth mortality rates in Britain are higher amongst cultural minority adult females in comparing to babes of British born female parents. They found out that there were 16 deceases per one 1000 live for babes belonging to Pakistani female parents between 1986 and 1988 ; compared to nine for babies belonging to British Born female parents. This is another ground why the wellness position of minority cultural groups is worse than that of the bulk white population. Another ground for the difference in wellness position between these two societal groups is lifestyle. Surveies indicate that persons in a manual societal category, or who tend to make blue-collar manual labor ( working category ) have a higher mortality rate compared to white neckband or non-manual societal categories ( Phillimore et Al, 1994 ) . This besides means that persons in the working category have higher ego reported unwellnesss compared to those i n the non-manual societal category ( white neckband occupations, e.g managerial and high paying occupations ) . Harmonizing to Platt ( 2007 ) , poorness and want is known to be prevailing amongst cultural minority groups compared to the remainder of the population. Groups that suffer most include Africans, Afro – Caribbean persons, Bangladeshis, Pakistanis, Indians and Chinese. Such want ends up taking to hapless life conditions, deficiency of nutrient, wellness commissariats finally taking to ill wellness ; hence this confirms the worse wellness position of cultural minorities compared to the bulk white population ( National Statistics, 2006 ) . However, although the wellness position of cultural minorities seems to be much worse than that of the bulk white population, â€Å" †¦ the life anticipation of both work forces and adult females has improved throughout the twentieth Century†¦ † ( Clarke, 2001, pg 130 ) . Besides, harmonizing to Taylor and Field ( 2003 ) , nowadays cultural minority communities ( African, Asiatic and Indian ) seem to hold similar degrees of health care proviso, if non better, compared to the bulk white population. Decision: Although to a higher extent there are more grounds for the difference in the wellness statuses amongst cultural minorities and white bulk, the new thoughts today, if implemented good, could assist cut down the difference. The differences in wellness positions between cultural minority groups and the bulk white groups in Britain is clearly an issue. Pierson ( 2002 ) argued that socio-inequality in health care could be reduced by bettering the health care proviso for cultural minority groups ; hence finally, acquiring rid of the differences in the wellness positions of both societal groups ( cultural minorities and white bulk ) . Pierson ( 2002 ) suggested that antidiscrimination policies could be implemented through increasing the public assistance and benefits for the disadvantaged ; and, including the less privileged cultural minority groups in determination devising. This would assist better the health care from everyone ‘s point of position, from every societal category.

Japanese Dining Etiquette Essay

Remembering your correct manners is very important in Japan, especially concerning the area of dining etiquettes. This applies especially to foreigners, who should try to remember at least the most basic rules†¦ In Japanese meals, it is customary to say ‘itadakimasu’ (‘I gratefully receive’) before your meal, and ‘gochisama deshita’ (‘thank you for the meal’) after you have finished. These traditional phrases are to show your appreciation for the meal, especially when someone cooks for you. The best way to start your meal is with a sip of soup. Then you should eat a little bit of each dish, in a ‘rotation’, until you finish all the dishes at about the same time. Do NOT complete one dish of food before moving onto the next. Remember that if you are eating from communal dishes, it is considered an important etiquette to pick up the food using the opposite end of your chopsticks, or serving chopsticks if any are provided. Do not start drinking until everyone at the table is served, and do not pour any drinks for yourself. This should only be done by others, and naturally, it is also your responsibility to periodically check your friends’ cups and fill them up if they are empty, too. NEVER stick chopsticks into rice standing up, as this is how rice is offered to the dead. If you haven’t already heard, it is perfectly acceptable to slurp your noodles in Japan, as people say it tastes better, and it also shows you are enjoying your meal. Remember that it is considered very rude to burp, blow your nose at the table, and talk about unappetizing topics. Lastly, remember to finish every little grain of rice in your bowl or plate, as rice is considered very precious. Also this shows the chef you appreciate his/her food very much. It is also considered polite to return all plates and dishes back to their original positions, and to place chopsticks back in their paper slips or holders. Bibliography http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2005.html http://www.suite101.com/content/eating-japanese-dos-and-donts-a31496 http://www.japanesefood101.com/index.php/category/dining-etiquette/.

Rural Urban Migration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Rural Urban Migration - Essay Example Misra (1998) observes that those who migrate are often male who are young and better educated. Pull factors on the other hand, attract the population to big cities or destination area. Developed and developing countries are impacted differently by the migration pattern though some aspects are similar. The paper will discuss the push and pull factors as well as the impact of migration on areas of origin and destination DCs and LDCs. Push Factors These are unfavorable conditions in rural areas that push people to migrate to urban areas. According to Watson (2004), people move to urban areas so as to improve their lives. Many rural people depend on agriculture for survival. However, the agricultural sector is faced with many challenges such as drought, famine and floods leading to poor harvest. There are also inadequate agricultural jobs thereby pushing people to look for jobs elsewhere. Structural adjustment programs result in heavy debts for developing countries thus encouraging gover nments to displace people and offer the farms to large enterprises for production and resource extraction thereby pushing local people to move (Datta, 2003). Lack of basic social amenities and recreation facilities pushes people to big cities where such amenities are available. These include; poor education, lack of quality health care, transport and communication. Higher education is often found in big cities. People move there to have better education and enjoy better living standards (Twumasi, 1995). Lack of clean water supply, poor sanitation and drainage systems push people to get better services available in cities. Inadequate income pushes people to big cities. Varieties of occupations are found in urban areas; rural areas depend mainly in agriculture which doesn’t offer adequate income. Rural people also do not possess necessary skill to perform a job and formal employment is limited. Income is thus inadequate to feed the large families they have. Persuasion by contra ctors and agents also enhances the migration. They move with them to cities in promise of better benefits and to search for a livelihood (Misra, 19998). Pull Factors These represent the attractive attributes of big cities that pull people. The wage gap between rural and urban areas whereas wages are higher in urban areas pull migrants to the city. They have high expectations of getting a well paying job. Formal and informal jobs are also available hence they work in informal settings while awaiting formal job. Besides industries are concentrated in urban areas hence attracting the rural population (Srichar et al. 2010). Availabilities of public services and social amenities in big cities attract mass population. In big cities, there is access to education and high quality health care. There are also recreational facilities that make life in the city exciting (Birmingham, 2000). Those who travel to cities and come back to rural areas for holiday or to visit their families show signs of wealth or extravagance which makes the rural people to follow their example. They form a network whereby the extended family follows the migrant to the city to enjoy city life and its benefits. Effects of Rural-Urban Migration The movement of people from rural to urban areas of both developed (DCs) and developing countries (LDCs) has adverse effects.  

Marketing - Safety Provision Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marketing - Safety Provision - Essay Example In an argument by Tuck (2005) safety business environments contain the best business ventures and successful businesses. With a safe operational environment, entrepreneurs have the confidence to venture in businesses and investors have the courage since they are assured of safety. Safety in the neighborhood or a business environment falls under the category of quasi-public goods. Safety is a natural occurring good which are essential in the environment. It has unlimited demand since it is intangible and the supply depends on a body and can be influenced. However, its demand rate can rise if the neighborhood is a constant den of any form of safety breaching factor. With increasing demand, it can be easily raised to suit all consumers. Apart from government action, market provisions also promote safety measures. However, neighborhoods with safety promotion tools from market provision are usually exposed to any form of loss (Besley, 2006). This paper will look at safety as both a collec tive good and also a quasi-public good. Additionally, it will differentiate safety from governments and safety from market provision. ... Population as a factor affects the supply of demand in terms of productivity and size. A high productivity population usually demands high safety initiatives and vice versa. A large population also needs more safety attention than a population with a small size of occupants. In the demand of safety there is non-rivalry till to a point of the above situations (Tuck, 2008). It is usually important for any person to investigate safety provision bodies. The two major stakeholders in the provision of safety are the government and the market itself. However, the government’s participation is the most significant. With all its arms in legality and operation levies, the government significance is easily to detect in a business environment (Argyle, 2001). To determine if the government is providing safety business operations, one has to look on taxes rates and legal requirements for operating a business. In a safe business environment controlled by the environment, the body should regu late taxation depending on the size of the business. If this is detected in a market, it is proof that the government is involved in the provision of safety. Another government initiative for provision of safety is the fact that everyone should be given the needed emergency attention regardless their position and financial stability (Mueller, 2003). Safety emergency services for every individual can only be provided by the government. This characterizes an environment with safety provision by the government. From the above scenarios the scope of the government’s involvement in provision of safety is confirmed. The above scenarios also help people to determine the body responsible for provision of safety in their neighborhood. With the government

International Marketing Plan for Monmouth Coffee House Essay

International Marketing Plan for Monmouth Coffee House - Essay Example Monmouth will open its first coffee house in Colombo, which is the capital city of Sri Lanka. This investment decision was made after considering the geographic, legal, political, economic, natural and cultural aspects as well as the competitiveness of the potential market. Formally known as the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, Sri Lanka is located south of India, on an Island in the Indian Ocean. The Countries economic backbone is agriculture, but industry and services sectors also play a big role in the economy. Colombo, the city that has been selected as the starting point for Monmouth’s business, is largely a commercial capital, where several foreign based organizations have operations. The country’s scenic beaches, historical sites, and tropical climate are quite popular with tourists. The booming tourism industry has prompted the development of infrastructure, and this invariably provides a good business opportunity for a small organization such as Monm outh. Sri Lanka’s resources include gemstones, limestone, mica, graphite, quartz, slate and industrial clays. The country is also a key producer of extracted minerals and cash crops that include tobacco, tea, rubber, and coconut. Coffee is also available in the country, but the supply is quite low (Reddy 2003). Hence it is important for Monmouth to consider the issue of finding a reliable local or foreign supplier in its logistics planning. The city of Colombo is relatively easy to reach and navigate through due to its efficient transportation network. Most residents of Colombo and Sri Lanka as a whole rely on radio as the main tool of mass communication. Television is also used by a large percentage of the country’s population. There are also three daily newspapers published in Sri Lanka (Cummings 2007). Hence, Monmouth will use the three media tools used in the country for advertising purposes. Culture Culture is one of the most important factors to consider when ven turing into a new market. Individual cultures are constantly being shaped by different variables such as values, attitudes, religion, manners and attitudes, aesthetics, norms and customs, social institutions, technology and education. Official records indicate that there are roughly 20 million Sri Lankans who mainly come from the Tamil and Sinhalese ethnic groups. Both Sinhala and Tamil are used as the national and official languages of Sri Lanka. English is spoken mainly in urban areas including Colombo, as the second language. The city has a population of about 2 million people. Many of these people are

Discussion Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 32

Discussion - Coursework Example Staffing is a major factor hindering the research utilization and evidence-based practice in my workplace. It is very difficult for an individual to implement EBP on their own rather there is need of teamwork and consultations. With the limited number of staff, it, therefore, makes the process difficult, as there is limited time and an increased workload for research and EBP utilization. Another factor that hinders the adoption of research utilization and evidence-based practice is the unavailability of the necessary resources and support at the workplace. Moreover, there is a poor culture and leadership in EBP adoption making the process quite challenging to achieve. In attainment of the appropriate culture, it is crucial for the organization to hire professionals who support and demonstrate commitment to the process, as health care practitioners who have a commitment to research and EBP utilization are able to achieve excellent patients care (MacDougall & Riley, 2010). It is also e ssential for the organization to recognize individuals participating in research and EBP to provide a clear message on the importance of the practice in the workplace. Brazil, K., Royle, J. A., Montemuro, M., Blythe, J., & Church, A. (2004). Moving to evidence-based practice in long-term care: the role of a Best Practise Resource Centre in two long-term care settings. Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 30, 14–19. MacDougall, M., & Riley, S. C. (2010). Initiating undergraduate medical students into communities of research practise: what do supervisors recommend? BMC Medical Education, 10, 83.

Portfolio Management based on Market Share and Market Growth Assignment

Portfolio Management based on Market Share and Market Growth - Assignment Example It was initially formed as a joint venture with Daimler-Benz AG of Germany. The company received a breakthrough by the launch of its first passenger car, The Tata Indica, in 1998. The company is headquartered in Mumbai, India. The company’s global recognition can be established by the fact that it is the fourth largest truck maker and third largest bus manufacturer in the world. The first Tata car was rolled out in the year 1954. Most of the production facilities of the company are located in India itself. Globally, Tata Motors have significant operational presence in UK, South Korea, Thailand and Spain apart from the market presence in Europe, Africa, Middle East, South America, South Asia and South East Asia. (Tata Motors, 2011) Some of the big ticket acquisitions and joint ventures inside and outside the country have helped Tata Motors to grow at a higher rate. Some of the big acquisitions made by Tata Motors are South Korea’s Daewoo Commercial Vehicles Company, acqu isition of 21% stake in Spanish bus maker Hispano Carrocera and UK’s Jaguar Land Rover. Some of the notable joint ventures of Tata Motors are Tata Fiat in India, Tata Marcopolo and Thailand’s Thonburi Automotive Assembly Plant Company. Tata Motors has also made impact by introducing the world’s cheapest car Tata Nano in 2008. Even during such tremendous growth period, Tata Motors is highly impacted by globalisation. Globalisation has impacted Tata Motors in many ways. Increased competitions, technological advancement, marketing challenges, etc. are some of them. This essay will make a closer look into the various impacts of globalisation on Tata Motors. II. Theoretical Framework The impact of globalisation on Tata Motors can be analysed based on the various theories and models. Some of the models that can be used in this case are Pestel Framework, SWOT Analysis, 4 P’s, Porter’s Diamond Model and Boston Matrix. Using these tools will help to look cl osely into the globalisation issues of Tata Motors. Pestel Framework: Pestel framework will help to analyse Tata Motors regarding the challenges like political, economical, social, technological, environmental and legal factors. It can be said that most of the impacts of globalisation can be discussed under any of these six environmental factors. â€Å"By using the PESTEL framework we can analyse the many different factors in a firm's macro environment.† (Oxford University Press, 2007) Understanding the factor(s) that has the most impact is important to formulate future strategies for the company. Therefore, a PESTEL analysis will help to identify which factor(s) cause the most impact on the businesses and operations of Tata Motors. SWOT Analysis: SWOT analysis is important in this case because it will help to identify the internal and external advantages and disadvantages for Tata Motors. â€Å"SWOT is the overall evaluation of a company’s strengths, weaknesses, oppo rtunities, and threats.† (Wang, 2007) Understanding the strong and weak areas of a company is extremely important in order to decide how well it can make use of the market

MEMO Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

MEMO - Essay Example Wastewater treatment has brought into light various ethical dilemmas facing the transport industry (Hall, Prichard, Kirkbriod et al. 2012). Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) needs to adopt stringent environmental regulations aimed at ensuring good water quality. Over the years, waste water treatment plants have changed their management practices. The WWTP highly depends on a technical body of knowledge based on past practice, applied engineering and environmental sciences. This is an effort to ensure that the environment is kept safe and in an acceptable condition. WWTP are considering installing more additional treatment tanks to achieve very low phosphorous levels. To as low as 0.009 to 0,05 mg/l (EPA 5). Additionally, the WWTP are considering installing additional treatment so as to meet the growing water needs for the rapidly growing population. The conventional wastewater treatment method involves the physical, chemical, and biological processes and operations to remove solids, Organic material and some nutrients from wastewater .in stage one, the preliminary treatment stage, coarse and other large solid materials are left to settle out of the wastewater and later taken to the landfill (Environmental Commissioner of Ontario, 2003). This stage involves course screening, removal of grit and comminution of large objects. In the grit chambers, the water velocity is maintained sufficiently high, and air is used to prevent the solids from settling down. Comminutors are sometimes used in place of coarse screening to ensure reduced size of large particles s that they can be removed in the form of sludge in the subsequent treatment processes. In this stage, flow measurement devices, mainly the standing-wave flumes are used (Hall, Prichard, Kirkbriod et al. 2012). This is the second stage. In this stage, settleable organic and inorganic solids are removed through sedimentation process. Floating materials are also removed through skimming. Similarly,

Visual culture of cosmetics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Visual culture of cosmetics - Essay Example In life,a woman is both a generation of red roses which passes its genetics properly to the following off-springs and the rose in the hair of a baby child when attending another womans wedding:a symbol of the cycle of life(a child comes from love,grows in love and embarks on the ship of love to the next home that it will nourish in the following family.)this is the cycle of womanhood in life as properly as possible the more the woman is more intellectual and thoughtful and caring and loving and unbalanced in her life. Women are schools of thoughts,the better they are raised,the better the off-springs of following generations there are. Photo one is about intellect:the woman in her early years of understanding life through reading and becoming the next Jane Austen of her age and what she admires most in life is loving intellect and for women to be empowered to be the most well bred beings which are the pride of the fathers and families instead of the pride in men because of gender preferentials. Photo two is about family:when a woman is intellectual there is a greater chance of her becoming a better mother for the family. The best civilization that could portray women is the Ancient Egyptian. This civilization shows women to be the reason why such civilization flourished:because women knew where to stand in society and raised men who lead an empire to its eternity. Photo three is about maternal love:with a well nourished and fearless child surrounded by motherly love he or she could rise in life and be a soaring eagle when in the upper parts of the atmosphere and still breathe the fresh air and not choke or suffocate of any kind of fumes as it will be able to flourish and nurture its ambitions under all conditions having the base of such ambition strong and well bred through the main source of it:the mother. Photo four is about the future in the eyes of the child:the mother works for the child and is best seen as someone who loves to be

History of Cadbury Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

History of Cadbury - Essay Example r by the name of â€Å"Cadbury Brothers of Birmingham† in 1847 and started operating an office in London; following the partnership in 1854, they received Royal Warrant of manufacturers of chocolate and cocoa to Queen Victoria. Before 1850s chocolate was a luxury food item, enjoyed only by the elite society of Birmingham but in the 1850s due to a decline in the import taxes, the prices reduced and everybody could afford chocolate. In 1861, John’s partnership with his brother Benjamin was dissolved by mutual agreement and Cadbury was handed over to John’s sons George and Richard Cadbury because of the poor health of their father. Richard took over the marketing and sales side of Cadbury, George managed the manufacturing of Cadbury chocolate and in 1866, they launched â€Å"Cocoa Essence† (all natural products without any starchy ingredient) as George acquired a revolutionary cocoa press. George and Richard decided in 1878 to expand their business and for that reason, they acquired the Bournbrook Estate, situated in the south of outskirts of Birmingham. This estate was named Bournville and later they opened the Bournville factory. In 1905, Cadbury launched its first milk chocolate with higher milk content than other chocolates and became the best selling product in the year 1913. In 1918, Cadbury’s trade increased and it spread globally when Cadbury launched its first factory at Hobart Tasmania (BBC, 1). In 1919, Cadbury was merged with JS Fry & Sons to compete against Rowntree (brand owned by Nestle). On 22 September 1955, Cadbury advertised itself on TV for the first time. In 1969, Cadbury was again merged with beverages company Schweppes and formed Cadbury Schweppes. Cadbury Schweppes then acquired other companies but in US, the manufacturing of Cadbury’s confectionary products was licensed to The Hershey Company. In 2009, Kraft foods made a bid of $ 16.2 billion to takeover Cadbury but according to Cadbury, the bid was undervalued. Later in 2010, there

Moral Values Essay Example for Free

Moral Values Essay A moral value is a universally accepted ethical principle that governs the day to day living of life. These principles are important in maintaining unity, harmony and honour between people. Moral values are usually communal and shared by the public in general, thus if there is no agreement among community members no moral values will be established. Moral values define the principles and standards which determine the extent to which human action or conduct is right or wrong. They encompass a wide range of universally accepted character traits such as compassion, love, humility and kindness. Morality (from the Latin moralitas manner, character, proper behavior) is the differentiation of intentions, decisions, and actions between those that are good (or right) and those that are bad (or wrong). The philosophy of morality is ethics. A moral code is a system of morality (according to a particular philosophy, religion, culture, etc. and a moral is any one practice or teaching within a moral code. Morality may also be specifically synonymous with goodness or rightness. Immorality is the active opposition to morality (i. e. opposition to that which is good or right), whileamorality is variously defined as an unawareness of, indifference toward, or disbelief in any set of moral standards or principles. An example of a moral code is the Golden Rule which states that, One should treat others as one would like others to treat oneself. [5] Morality and ethics[edit] Ethics (also known as moral philosophy) is that branch of philosophy which addresses questions about morality. The word ethics is commonly used interchangeably with morality and sometimes it is used more narrowly to mean the moral principles of a particular tradition, group, or individual. [6] Likewise, certain types of ethical theories, especially deontological ethics, sometimes distinguish between ethics and morals: Although the morality of people and their ethics amounts to the same thing, there is a usage that restricts morality to systems such as that of Kant, based on notions such as duty, obligation, and principles of conduct, reserving ethics for the more Aristotelian approach to practical reasoning, based on the notion of a virtue, and generally avoiding the separation of moral considerations from other practical c onsiderations. Although the words are often used as synonyms, morals are beliefs based on practices or teachings regarding how people conduct themselves in personal relationships and in society, while ethics refers to a set or system of principles, or a philosophy or theory behind them. When comparing morality with ethics, the word ethics is often used to refer to a philosophical analysis of a particular morality, especially when the formal definition is applied.

Archangel Uriel: The Wisdom Of God

Archangel Uriel: The Wisdom Of God The Archangel Uriel is one of the four archangels that rule over the four corners of the Earth. The other three are Michael, Gabriel, and Raphael. Uriel is the least mentioned of these four archangels, if he is mentioned at all. According to some traditions, there are seven archangels. But even in these accounts, these four are the most prominent. There are scant references to Uriel in scripture. Jewish scripture does not mention the archangels by name. In Christianity, Uriel appears in the Gnostic version of the Bible where we learn his name means The Light Of God. Uriel is also known as the angel of Wisdom. His realm is in the mental plane where thoughts, ideas, and creativity reside. As The Light of God, the Archangel Uriel shines the light of truth and wisdom where there is darkness, deception, and confusion. Uriel also helps people to control their emotions, guiding them to release anger and overcome anxiety, both of which are obstacles to gaining wisdom. The archangel provides guidance in recognizing and avoiding dangerous situations. The Archangel of Salvation, Uriel shows people how to heal and brings forgiveness t those who ask. Tradition teaches that Uriel stands before the gates of Heaven and denies entrance to all who have failed to love God. Uriel also offers unconditional forgiveness and holds the keys that unlock the gates. Uriel is mentioned often in apocryphal scripture and other early religious writings that did not make it into what we now know as The Bible. The archangel is credited with rescuing John the Baptist from the Massacre of the Innocents the king ordered upon hearing about the birth of Jesus. Jewish tradition holds that Uriel checked the doors for lambs blood during the Egyptian plagues. Uriel is also one of the select few angels who are allowed to enter the immediate presence of God. During medieval times, Uriel was considered the holy source of heat in the winter. In Catholic tradition, Uriel is the patron saint of the arts. He is also the patron saint of science, because of the archangels association with wisdom, and of those seeking the sacrament of Confirmation. The Coptic Christians venerate Uriel. To many other Christians, however, Uriel remains unknown. There is no mention of Uriel in canonical scripture. In 745 AD, Pope St Zachary condemned the churchs obsession with angels, saying that it bordered on angel worship which is forbidden by the Ten Commandments. He did, however, approve the reverence of certain named angels. Uriel was one of many angels that were left off of this list. Despite the efforts of Pope St. Zachary, many people still venerate Uriel, especially among Kabbalists and Eastern Orthodox Christians. Uriels Feast Day is July 28th as the archangels influence is deemed to peak in the middle of the summer. Uriel stands guard over the summer, guiding the ripening of the grain harvest and the blossoming of a multitude of flowers. Making A Connection With Uriel Connecting with Uriel is becoming increasingly common among people in the New Age movement and Christians exploring their own deeper spirituality. There is no one correct way to make a connection with the Archangel Uriel. What is important is that you find a method that is comfortable for you. Prayer is obviously the most common method for connecting with Uriel. However, the influence of New Age mysticism has caused a growth in the popularity of meditation as a means of venerating the archangels. Because archangels are ever-present spiritual beings, you can connect with them whenever and wherever you are. Archangels have a historic tendency to appear to humanity in dreams and visions. This is particularly true of Uriel, who operates primarily in the realm between the physical and the spiritual. Through Prayer People most often pray to Uriel to grant them wisdom. Unsolicited contact with Uriel is rare and is generally associated with someone becoming a scholar or a prophet of God. Uriel also guides us on our spiritual journey as we transform from our mere physical and carnal nature to one that is more holy and of God. The archangel teaches is the path of wisdom and righteousness, leading us to our destiny of being united with God in Heaven after our death. Uriel is also the angel of music, the arts, science, and prophecy. People who are actively interested in each or all of these areas are encouraged to reach out to Uriel to intercede on their behalf with God. The archangel helps us to overcome stress in our life, soothing our minds and allowing us to find inner peace. Whenever life becomes seemingly unbearable, Uriel is the archangel who keeps us grounded in our faith and leads us through troubling and turbulent times The primary method people use to reach out to Uriel is through prayer. The act of praying allows us to communicate openly with God and His angels. Prayer is usually a one-way communication from us to the divine as we seek to have our voices heard. Occasionally, people will receive a directly communicated answer during their prayers. Most often, however, the answers to our prayer occur over time. As one of the angel who is allowed to be present with God, Uriel is a powerful ally in your prayer life. God listens to His angels and grants them leeway to act on His behalf. Uriels assignment is to give people wisdom in all things. The archangel guides our decision making and relieves our anxiety. He allows us to think and perceive the world with a clear mind and stable emotions so that we can make the right choices that ultimately bring us closer to God. As such, Uriel helps us navigate the spiritual realm and makes our entry into Heaven possible. For those who are new to the act of prayer, formal prayers are extremely useful. God and His angels know what we are thinking and what we are going to say before we say it. Still, God wants us to reach out to Him so that we can use our own freewill to choose to follow and love Him, thus growing in His spirit. If you have not prayed before, formal traditional prayers can help to loosen your tongue and open your heart to a prayerful life. Here is an example of prayer you can use as you begin your quest to crate a connection with Uriel, the Angel of Wisdom. A Prayer For Wisdom St. Uriel the Archangel You are the Light of God The Angel of Wisdom Please pray for me Grant me wisdom So that I might understand the will of God Release me from anxiety Soothe my soul Open my heart And guide me along the path of righteousness So that I might join you In the presence of the Lord Amen A Prayer Of Thanksgiving St. Uriel, I thank God for the gift of your guidance And I thank you for the gift of your wisdom Archangel Uriel, you guide my decisions and keep me on the righteous path You soothe my mind and bring harmony to my soul You ease my troubled heart and release me from anxiety For all of these things I thank you and give you praise In the holy name of God our Father Archangels often answer prayers in ways that are not immediately clear to. Praying everyday helps to prepare you to understand the answers. Through experience, you will gain the ability to discern the answers to your prayers from mere happenstance. God and His angels are ever present which means they see your life in its entirety while you experience it one moment at a time. Answers to prayer come in Gods time, not mans. Through faith you will understand the answers to your prayers and how they affect your life. Prayer can take place wherever you happen to be. Sacred places like shrines and churches offer quiet and holy places where we can connect with the divine, but you do not have to go to those places in order to pray. All you need is your soul, and open heart, and humility. The words will come when you are ready. There are two basic forms of prayer formal and informal. Formal prayers are the prayers that are passed down through church tradition or newer prayers that follow the same form. They generally start by acknowledging who is being prayed to and honoring or venerating them, The person praying then humbles themselves and makes their prayer request. Informal prayers do not follow a traditional form. While their tone is more reverent than casual speaking, the words themselves are generally improvised on the spot or are words that are personally relevant to the one who is praying. Connecting With Archangel Uriel Through Traditional Formal Prayer Formal prayer helps us to speak with God and his angels when our own words fail us. When the crowd asked Jesus Christ how they should pray to God, he gave them The Lords Prayer. Clearly, any form of prayer will work if it is humble and honest. The use of traditional formal prayers makes the act easier. During stressful situations, we can struggle to find the right words to say. Formal prayer gives us those words as a starting point from which we can add our own words later is we wish. Using a formal prayer also teaches us how to pray on our own. Traditional prayers follow classical structures that, once learned, can be used to craft something more personal. For centuries, people were persecuted and sometimes executed for reciting these prayers. Knowing this makes reciting these prayers today a powerful and humbling experience. Saying The Rosary The Rosary is probably the most well known type of formal prayer. Using a chain of beads, a person recites a series of traditional prayers venerating the Virgin Mare or reflecting on either moments in their life, lost loved ones, or the Passion of Christ. Rosaries can be used in other ways as well. They can be used for connecting with the archangels by substituting prayers of veneration for the archangel for the Hail Mary prayer used to venerate the Mother of God. A prayer for the veneration of the Archangel Uriel would go like this: Hail Archangel Uriel, Angel of Wisdom You are ever present with the Father And are Blessed in the eyes of the Lord Bring me comfort, for I am troubled So that I might become closer to God Holy Uriel, the Light of God Guide me on the path of righteousness Protect me from evil And pray for me, a sinner To the Lord our God Saying the rosary is a prayerful and meditative discipline. Making the rosary a habit will comfort your soul. Chaplets Chaplets are similar to rosaries, but smaller and quicker to use. They are also available specifically for different saints and the archangels. The Chaplet of The Archangel Uriel consists of the Medal of Uriel, three beads representing the Holy Trinity, and nine beads that represent the nine choirs of angels. The chaplet can be used in the following manner. The medal Holding the medal between your finger and thumb, recite the Hail Archangel Uriel from above. The first three beads Begin each bead with the words Archangel Uriel, intercede for me so that might become closer to God With the first bead, follow this with the Lords Prayer. Using the next beads, follow the words with the Hail Mary and then the Glory Be. The nine beads Say these beads in honor of the nine Angelic Choirs, or just use them as a novena. Say the following prayer with each bead. Holy Lord, God of power and might Heaven and Earth are filled with your Glory Hosanna in the highest Blessed is He who comes in the name of the Lord Hosanna in the highest. Closing prayer Upon completion, say the following formal prayer to Uriel Archangel Uriel, Fire of God With your fiery sword of God Protect me from evil Bring me to the throne of God On the day of my reckoning Show mercy on my soul And intercede with me To the Lord God Almighty Chaplets are more convenient that rosaries as they are easier to carry with you and can be said relatively quickly. Novenas A novena is a series of prayers said for nine days in a row. They can be the same prayer, or a different one each day. The nine days of prayer remind us of the nine days the apostles spent in prayer between the Ascension and Pentecost. The days between Ascension Thursday and Pentecost Sunday are the most popular time for saying novenas, but they can be used at any time. Saying a novena to Uriel is often done around the archangels Feast Day of July 25th or the Feast Day shared with the other archangels, September 29th. Novenas can be said with prayers from prayer books, with chaplets, or y praying the rosary. They can also be used in conjunction with meditative rituals. The Archangel is traditionally associated with the number 9, making novenas a particularly appropriate way to seek your connection with him. Connecting Through Meditation Meditating is different from praying and is an important addition to your spiritual growth. During prayer you are seeking an audience with the divine. You want to be heard, whether you are offering praise, asking forgiveness, or seeking guidance. Prayer is essentially an act of active communication with God and His angels. During meditation, you are seeking to listen more than to hear. There is a place for communicating while meditation, but the act is more importantly an opportunity to be still in body and mind so that you can receive messages from heaven. Through meditation, you enter a trance-like state where you are better able to listen to communication from the angels of the Lord. Mediation can be accomplished anywhere. Using a meditative ritual can be a wonderfully holy and cathartic experience. The process of the meditative ritual brings the body, mind, and soul in to a restful and peaceful state. This opens your awareness to the presence of the divine. To begin meditating, you first need to find a quiet and secluded place. The church is an excellent place for meditative purposes. Most churches are open between services, allowing people to enter and meditate on the word of God. In Catholic churches, the inner room where the Eucharist is displayed is the quietest area is perfect for reaching a meditative state. Meditating in the presence of the Body of Christ is a deeply religious experience. Secluded gardens that are off the beaten path are also wonderful places for meditation. If you do not have access to a place like this, however, you can easily create a meditative space within your own home by setting up a shrine using little more than a table, table cloth, candles, and incense. Once you have found a proper place to meditate, make yourself comfortable and close your eyes. Make yourself become aware of every breath you take, breathing in and out slowly and deeply. As you inhale, feel yourself breathing in the spirit of the Archangel Uriel. As you exhale, allow yourself to release you anxiety and fear. By releasing your anxiety, you make room in your mind and soul for the wisdom which Uriel wants to bestow on you. Meditating is also an excellent way to start your day with energy and focus, or to end your day in a peaceful and reflective state. Visualization during meditation keeps you focused on your objective and helps you to avoid becoming distracted. This is where icons, statues, and images of the Archangel Uriel can be used effectively. These items do nothing of themselves other than to help you remain focused. Do not mistake the images fr the actual presence of the Archangel Uriel, as that would amount to idol worship. Merely let the images help you to create a vision in your own mind that the archangel can fill with his own presence. As you go deeper into your meditation with Uriel, you will see a ray of light. The light will either be white, yellow, or gold, as these are the colors associated with Uriel. Uriel is known as The Fire Of God, so do not be surprised if you see flames in your vision. The visions of fire or light will join with your actual vision of the Archangel Uriel. This way, you will understand with whom you are present. While meditating, you must remain passive. Do not try to manipulate or actively understand the messages you are receiving. This can lead to your ego altering the messages in a way that is easier for you to handle. But, this will result in you losing the message from the archangel. You ego is a powerful tool of Satan. To meditate on the message of the archangel, you need to subjugate you ego completely so that you can fully receive the Uriels message. There will be ample time to make sense of that message once the meditation is complete. Connecting With Uriel Through Simply Speaking Informal conversations with God are becoming common place. Humanity is developing in its collective relationship with God. Where once we could only speak with the Lord in a formal manner, we have learned to converse with God and His angels whenever we feel the need and in whichever way is most expedient and effective. Developing a habit of casually speaking with the divine is more convenient than making time for formal or ritualized prayer, and makes it easier to stay connected with the divine throughout the day. Formal and informal prayers serve the purpose of teaching us how to pray. From these prayers, we learn to offer praise, remain humble, seek forgiveness of our sins, and accept the will of God. Of these things, remaining humble is vital. To receive the blessing of the Archangel Uriel, we must acknowledge that we are not deserving and ask for these blessings along with his mercy. Pride is another tool of Satan. Thus, we must eliminate our pride to ensure out connection with the archangel. Simply speaking to Archangel Uriel is particularly appropriate during emergencies. When we are suffering, God doesnt expect us to just stop what we are doing, grab our rosary, and find a church. He wants to hear from us immediately, just as Christ called out to Him on the cross. Jesus Christ showed us that we can speak to God just as effectively whether we are in a peaceful garden or under extreme physical and spiritual anguish. Having a chaplet, medal, or charm handy can give you something to hold on to and focus on, and also serves to help you to relax. However, they do nothing more than that. The items are not magical on their own. The Use Of Writing To Connect With Uriel Communicating with Archangel Uriel through writing is very effective. Not only does it help those who write better than they speak to make a connection, it creates a journal of that communication that can be referenced later. Sometimes the messages we receive from angels are difficult to decipher immediately but become more clear with the passage of time. Creating a written journal of these messages allows you to review them as time goes by. The journal can also help you to give advice to others who are in your same circumstance, or can persuade people to write to angels on their own. Angelic writing takes two forms automatic dictation and automatic writing. They are similar in that you need to put yourself into a meditative state to begin, as you will be allowing Uriel to use your hands to deliver his message. With both forms, you also need to receive the message without judgment, allowing it to flow directly from the angel to the paper. Modern technology can be used as well by simply replacing your writing instrument with a keyboard. When using automatic dictation to connect with Uriel, you will listening to the message the archangel gives you and writing it down. You will start the process yourself through prayer and meditation so that you can become aware of the presence of Uriel. Nest, write down you question or request for the archangel on a piece of paper. Now, stay ready to write and listen for the archangels response. It is vital that you write down whatever message you receive, even if it doesnt seem to make sense. The process of interpreting the communication while writing puts the ego in the way of the communication, rendering it invalid. Continue to write whatever you receive until the message stops. Once the communication is over you can then go back and try to understand what you received. Understand also that the answer you receive might not be the answer you want. The Archangel Uriel is wise and knows what is best for us. Often, what is best for us seems confusing or comfortable at first. You must trust these messages through your faith. Also, if the message is confusing, dont try to force meaning into it. Allow time to pass and revisit the message from time to time. Eventually, life experiences and the passage of time will help you to understand what the archangel was telling you. Automatic writing is a little bit different. After asking your question of the archangel, sit completely still and let your pen hover over the paper. When you start to receive the message, the pen will start to move over the paper on its own. Do not try to influence the motion of the pen. Keeping your eyes closed is a good idea, because you might be tempted to finish a word that you think you recognize when the angel is trying to communicate something else. Keep in mind that the communication might be a picture instead of words. Trying to influence the outcome will result in a communication that is inaccurate and makes no sense. Both forms of angelic writing require you to free your mind completely of all preconceptions and allow the communication to flow freely. Do not allow yourself to edit, correct, or judge the communication. Simply accept what is given to you. If it doesnt make sense, save it and come back to it later. Angelic messages come to us with an understanding of a future that we have yet to experience. Given time, the message and guidance you receive will make perfect sense to you. Connecting With Uriel In Your Dreams Archangels are quite fond of communicating with us through our dreams. When Uriel appears in dreams and visions, the encounter is very intense and intimidating. Archangels are no-nonsense, straight to the point communicators. There is no small talk, they are strictly about their business. Unsolicited interactions with Uriel are extremely rare because so few people can handle the gifts of wisdom and prophecy that Uriel bestows. Should you be visited by Uriel in your dreams, count yourself most fortunate. Uriel only visits those who the archangel believes can handle the intensity of the connection. And, the gift of prophecy he endows people with comes with great responsibility. Uriel is a teacher, and the lessons can be difficult ones. Always remember that, no matter how uncomfortable the message or lesson is, it is being bestowed upon you with love and grace. Reaching out to Uriel in your dreams is not dangerous, nor is it for the faint of heart. You must prepare yourself for the encounter by praying to Uriel to deliver you from fear. The powerful presence of the archangel is known to cause immense fear. This is due to the archangels God-like power, and not from any intent from the archangel to cause you to feel afraid. Believe that the archangel will not allow harm to come to you, and you should be able to relax and allow yourself to receive his presence. If you want Uriel to appear to you in your dreams, set yourself up before going to bed. Start with several prayers to the archangel. Rosaries and chaplets are perfect for this purpose. Then, as you drift of to sleep, repeat the words Archangel Uriel, allow me into your presence. As you fall asleep, your resting souls will enter the spiritual realm where the archangels reside. There, you will meet Uriel and receive your message. Recognizing The Presence Of The Archangel Uriel Making a connection with an archangel is a deeply religious and overwhelmingly emotional experience. These are the angels who will defeat Satan during the end times, who announced the birth of Jesus Christ to the world, and who deliver Gods messages to humanity. But just because a spiritual experience is immensely powerful does not necessarily mean that an archangel is present. Here are some clues to help you recognize when the Archangel Uriel is present. 1) You gain new insights and wisdom The Archangel Uriel is assigned to give people divine wisdom. If after your attempts to connect with the archangel you find yourself with a new understanding of your situation, you have likely been in contact with Uriel. Connecting with Uriel will cause your focus to move off of your worldly problems and on to God. You will become conscious of the everlasting presence of God and His angels. You might also find that you have received the gift prophecy. With this gift, you will not necessarily be able to foresee the future, but you will clearly see the consequences of your actions as well as the actions of others, and you will be able to guide people along the path of righteousness. 2) You suddenly grow in confidence Your new found wisdom will boost your confidence. You will feel empowered as you set wisely set yourself on the path to Gods glory. This confidence will not resemble cockiness. Rather, you will hold yourself and act in a way that reveals your understanding of Gods will in your life and the life of others. Many will be drawn to you for this, while others will shun you due to their lack of faith in God. 3) You will be motivated to help and serve others God and His angels grant these gifts to humanity not to be hidden but to be used to help others. A true connection with Uriel will be a life change in experience. You will feel obligated to use your new wisdom for the good of others, not for your own selfish gain. Interactions with the archangels spur us into action for the glory of God. This motivation to help others will also come with the ability to make positive changes in the lives of others. You will have the Archangel Uriel with you always to help you help others. 4) You will see or feel light, fire, and/or electricity Uriel is the Fire of God, and is associates with brightness, heat, and energy. People who have connected with Uriel report feeling an electric charge flow through their body. Some have also seen a flame or fire that burns hot and bright yet destroys nothing. Although nothing seems to be destroyed by the fire, it burns so hot and bright that you can smell the heat 5) The sights, smells, and sounds of Uriel Besides light and fire, Uriel is associated with the colors white, gold, red, yellow, and orange. When the archangel is present, you will smell the pungent and spicy aromas of sandalwood, cinnamon, and nutmeg. You might even have a vision of a beautiful angel dressed in leather and armor and holding a sword of fire, or riding in a chariot holding a bow and arrow. For more casual encounters, Uriel will appear dressed in a red tunic with leather sandals or boots. Uriel is also the Angel of Music and the Angel of Poetry. The patron saint of artists and musicians, Uriels presence is always accompanied by the beautiful and poetic music of the Angelic Choir. When you receive a message from Uriel, you will no it to be authentic if you are compelled to act on the message right away. Your new wisdom will excite you and guide you in the right direction. Archangel encounters are highly motivating and life changing. One cannot help but change they way they see and approach the world after such an encounter. Connections with archangels can also be terrifying. These are powerful spiritual beings that are closely related to God the Father. The Bible states that no one can set eyes on the Lord and survive. While the same is not true of the archangels, the encounter is indeed similar. Feeling afraid during an encounter with an archangel is entirely natural. If you ask the archangel to remove your fear, you will immediately be out at peace. Asking Uriels Help With Lifes Struggles The Archangel Uriel is adept at helping us with our daily struggles. From Uriel we can the wisdom and insight we need to make the right choices on a daily basis. God has assigned Uriel the ask of granting us wisdom in order to bring us closer to Him. This is his greatest gift. Uriel will clear your mind of anxiety and dread, and fill it with holy wisdom. When Uriel presents you with his wisdom, he will change the way you perceive the world, the spiritual realm, and your place in each. You will no longer wee yourself as a mere mortal being. You will understand you place in God eternal plan for the universe. This wisdom will rule your every though and action. You will no longer feel lost. Rather, the way of the righteous will become clear to you and you will follow that path with a content and sacred heart. Also known as the Archangel of Salvation, Uriel helps us with every aspect of our lives. He grants us the power of unconditional forgiveness. He shows us how to turn disappointment and failure into victory for the glory of God. And, he will be waiting for us at the end of our days here on Earth to grant us access to the Kingdom of Heaven. Archangel Uriel will intercede with God on the behalf of anyone who asks with a humble heart. Our mortal experience is rough, but necessary to prepare our souls for the paradise that awaits us in Heaven. The wisdom Uriel grants us gives us the ability to navigate our way through out most troubling times without straying from our path or losing our faith in the Almighty. Anytime you feel overwhelmed in your life, you should seek guidance from the Archangel Uriel. As the Angel of Music, Uriel can bring all aspects of our life into harmony. If you are not getting along with coworkers, Uriel can bring peace. If you are struggling with problems that you have caused for yourself, Uriel will help you to forgive yourself and find your way out of you self-imposed predicament in ways you did not see before making your connection. Asking Uriel For Help With Health Problems The Angel of Music wants our entire life to be in harmony. This includes our spiritual, mental, emotional, and physical health. The archangel understands that our physical well-being takes a toll on our spiritual health and can erode our faith in God. Along with spiritual wisdom, Archangel Uriel gives us the wisdom to make the right choices in regards to our health so that we can take better care of our bodies and treat them as a temple to God. Uriel is also ever-present with God, which makes him a great intercessor whenever we need healing. Asking Uriel to intercede on your behalf when you are ill or injured will bring a multitude of blessings. First, it will open your heart and soul to receive the healing power of God. Second, it strengthens your mind and spirit, which in turn helps you to endure the healing process. Also, Uriel will give you wisdom so that you will be able to take the proper steps to let our body heal. He will bring all the systems of your body in to harmony, so that they can work as one to heal your body on the inside. Uriel is also a worthy ally to have when we find ourselves to be terminally ill. All of us end our lives in the same way. We all must die. When your God appointed time has come, Uriel will be there to protect you and to welcome you at the Aptitude Influences: Second Language Acquisition Aptitude Influences: Second Language Acquisition Second language learning aptitude is featured as strengths which individual learners have in the cognitive abilities information processing during L2 learning and accomplishment in various stages and within different contexts. Aptitude has conventionally been observed as a key factor in the domain of L2 learning in which Ehrman and Oxford (1995) propose that its measures are most strongly correlated with L2 proficiency among all the individual differences (ID) variables. Therefore, emphasizing on the way it is measured, its role in the second language acquisition (SLA) process, and most importantly, the extent to which its factors may affect L2, aptitude can be confirmed as a strong predictor of academic success in SLA. In this paper, after discussing the nature of aptitude in general, a few important aptitude factors which contribute to SLA will be focused. DEFINITION OF LANGUAGE APTITUDE In an early review paper on aptitude research, Carroll (1981) defines general aptitude as an ability of learning a task, which involves a special inclination towards learning L2 and depends on some combination of persistent characteristics of the learner. In Carrolls specific view, aptitude is separated from achievement and motivation. Also, aptitude must be seen as a stable factor, perhaps even innate. Notably, it is not a prerequisite for L2 acquisition and should be distinct from general intelligence. CARROLLS INITIAL WORK It is appropriate to start the discussion of aptitude with a review of the work of the American psychologist J. B. Carroll who dominated the area by researched foreign language aptitude and established the parameters within which the sub-field still operates. It is important to report that till date, there has been large-scale work in making use of the Modern Language Aptitude Test (MLAT) produced by Carroll and Sapon (1959). Carrolls four factors of aptitude Carroll (1965, 1991) reports that aptitude contains four sub-components, namely, phonemic coding ability, grammatical sensitivity, inductive language analytic ability, and memory. Their descriptions can be expanded and their perspectives can be processed to SLA by using the four factors as described below. Phonemic coding ability This is not simply the ability to make sound discrimination, but the ability to code foreign sounds in such a way that they can be recalled later. Sound discrimination can be different from one to another; however, there is no correlation between this variation and language learning success. What really correlates is the ability to analyze sound so that it can be done quicker and can be recalled more readily without the need of having immediate rehearsal (Skehan, 1998). Associative memory This involves the ability to make connections between stimuli and responses, for instance, foreign language words or equivalents, and to develop such links strength. At the time of the MLAT production, its interpretation reflected the focus on psychology, described it as relatively simple stimulus-response connections, without mentioning more complex memory organization or representation. Skehan, (1980) has expanded in the recent aptitude research to the conceptualization of memory significantly, to seeing memory as only one part of aptitude but not the most important aspect. Instead, the ability to memorize more auditorily complex material are now viewed as more powerful predictors of L2 learning. Grammatical sensitivity The ability to understand the contribution that words make in sentences is the main focus in this area. The passive aspect to this ability is to emphasize recognition of function other than explicit representation (Skehan, 1998). Inductive language analytic ability This involves the ability to analyze a corpus of language material and then pay attention and discover patterns of correspondence and relationships including meaning and syntactic form. No matter it involves implicit or explicit rule representation, this fundamental attribute represents an ability to identify pattern, especially in verbal material. In addition, it is a productive ability in which the identification of pattern can be viewed as the beginning of inferring from input material for producing language based on the pattern which has been identified (Skehan, 1998). POST CARROL RESEARCH Since Carrolls influential work, the story of aptitude has not changed very much. However, it is useful to briefly review the studies which have appeared. Working during the 1960s, Pimsleur (1966) produces the only alternative battery, the Pimsleur Language Aptitude Battery (PLAB), targeted at high school students. This set of sub-tests is broadly similar to Carrolls MLAT, but places greater emphasis on auditory factors, and less on memory. Since then, there has been marginalizing influence related to the putative link between aptitude and learning context. Many researchers believe that foreign language aptitude with the methodologies that prevailed at the time of Carrolls research no longer survives in SLA field. In particular, Krashen (1981) links foreign language aptitude to learning, in which it involves teacher-led activities and occurs in classrooms. In other words, aptitude is explicit rule-focus, non-communicative practice, and learners awareness of language items. As a matter of fact, however, Reves (1983) points out the existing evidence between aptitude scores and naturalistic learning as well as de Graaff (1997a, 1997b) and Robinson (1995) mention the connections between aptitude scores and acquisitional measures that move towards the center of aptitude related to L2 acquisition processes. Post Carrolls five factors of aptitude Inspirations from SLA and foreign language aptitude will have led to be given an understanding of aptitude factors, namely, capacity to process input, implicit and explicit learning, output, attention and Focus on Form (FonF) Techniques and age, as highlighted in the following paragraphs. Capacity to process input SLA in earlier days mainly mentions input, and Krashen (1985) even comments that learners are required to process comprehensible input for meaning, which certainly engages the mechanism of language acquisition. Further developments have shown limitations by using this approach (Swain, 1985, 1995). VanPatten (1990, 1996) finds how input can be processed more effectively through carrying out a key research tradition in this aspect. A researcher later proves that if learners are placed under any level of information processing pressure, they can make use of their limited processing resources to reach the meaning (Van Patten, 1990). Furthermore, learners can only involve in forming an input if their processing capacity is available. Schmidt (1995, 2001) has pointed out the importance of noticing which includes the necessity to direct attention to some aspects of the input. On the one hand, Krashen provides the processing of comprehensible input and argues that such processing will turn out to develop an implicit system without awareness of learner in general. On the other hand, Schmidt claims that development involves noticing as a precondition in which it is necessary to have aspects of form before noticing consciously in the input. Definitely, this does not mean that complexity and ramifications of the aspect of form has to be thoroughly understood but to be in focal attention. Afterwards, additional processes, whether it is implicit or explicit, can be brought out. Noticing, therefore, becomes a pre-requisite condition, instead of a full explanation on the process of teaching and learning. Implicit and Explicit Learning The earlier research discusses the relationship of cognitive abilities to learning under instructional exposure in different conditions. Some recent researchers try to identify relationships between the information processing demands of different instructional sets and the L2 learner, and in addition, how influential these instructional sets are on learning (Robinson Ha, 1993; Williams, 1999). These instructional sets contain the symbols: +/- awareness of targets, +/- intention to learn targets, and +/- explicit metalinguistic information in relation to the form of targets. It is discovered that that L2 learning in explicit conditions, with certain level of metalinguistic awareness and instruction, were as effective and efficient as learning in implicit conditions under the condition that the stimulus domain was complex rather than having a simple L2 stimulus domain (Robinson, 1996a and de Graaff, 1997b). In addition, as measured by subtests of traditional tests like Carrolls MLAT, Robinson (1997a) and Williams (1999) claim that ID in aptitude and memory ability affect learning in both implicit and explicit conditions. Hence, it is suggested that adult L2 learning under all conditions of exposure is basically more or less the same (Robinson, 1996b, 2001) since the ID in the conscious information processing abilities are the underlying differences in the extent of learning which can be observed through the measurement of aptitude and memory tests. There are findings proving that L2 learning is facilitated when strengths in patterns of abilities or aptitudes are compatible with the processing demands of certain instructional sets. On the contrary, Krashens (1982) supports that implicit learning is basically different from explicit learning as the former focuses on unconscious processes and is insensitive to ID in the abilities in the traditional aptitude tests measurement such as MLAT which forms contrast to the concept of the latter. Output The output study is important in SLA in which the emphasis of most research activity has been on competence-oriented analyses of structural change. Therefore, output can be observed either as the immediate and extensive results of structural change, or the consequence of automatisation process. New analysis of output has recently formed a more central role. It is argued that the use of communication strategies can be influential to language development. Although it is at the expense of pressure for structural change, such strategies enable the effective communication of meanings. The necessity to communicate may induce more difficulties in basic form changes in some L2 learners (Schmidt, 1983; Skehan, 1992, 1998). Moreover, the nature of fluency should be understood or viewed as an interesting problem in SLA learners. Bygate (1988) clarifies that learners make noticeable dependence on time-creating devices to ease off real-time processing pressure. At the same time, Foster (2001) points out that learners lexically depend on chunks of language which function as wholes and therefore ease off processing demands as they can be retrieved without internal analysis. Since language in this view depends on lexicalized chunks, a different analysis on the role of memory in language processing is required. Instead of using a conservative slot-and-filler approach which involves syntactic rules and lexical elements, language as memory reliant can be used with the need of a capacious, redundantly-stored memory system. This is the only way to ensure speakers to have the pressures of real-time processing. Attention and Focus on Form (FonF) Techniques Many earlier research studies conducted classroom research under the influence of different kinds of intervention aiming to direct learner attention to L2 form through activities, which have a primary focus on meaning and the accomplishment of communicative goals (Doughty, 2004; Doughty Williams, 1998). The degree of attention to form in classroom L2 processing is being controlled by using various FonF techniques, for instance, input flooding which is a technique for drawing attention to form in input processing (White, 1998), input enhancement (Fridman, Doughty, 1995; Robinson, 1997b), structured input processing independent of rule explanation (Benati, 2004; Farley, 2004;); and recasting (Lyster, 2004; Philp, 2003). Research findings of less communicative FonF techniques generate mixed results recently, with some research proving input enhancement and recasting, but not others, do affect subsequent L2 learning. One reason behind is that in the studied population, the aptitudes or abilities of some L2 learners, are more suitable to learn from one FonF technique while others are not. Two recent studies show this may be due to recasting. Mackey, Philp, Egi, Fujii, and Tatsumi (2002), in collaboration with various levels of students who join foreign language EFL program, discover obvious positive relationships between phonological working memory capacity measurement and recasts of noticing of information in communicative L2 interaction within three consecutive days. Yet, lower educational levels learners indicate this relationship more significantly than that of higher educational levels learners. Likewise, Robinson (1999) and Robinson Yamaguchi (1999) report obvious positive correlations between phonetic sensitivity measurement and rote memory, in which learning from recasts by university level and non-language majors over a five week of task-based interaction. Pre- and post-test scores on relative clause production are used to measure learning as a whole, with the targeted form in the research. Age Cooper (2002) shows evidence that intelligence measures in middle childhood can be used to predict intelligence in later life. The other side of the coin, yet, is that age is a central factor to an individuals language learning capacity as proved by a huge body of literature on the critical period hypothesis mentioning age-related changes in SLA. Therefore, it is practical to assume that aptitude changes occurred over time is in relation to some age-related variation. Researcher proves that foreign language aptitude shown to be relatively fixed over long period of ones life span (Carroll, 1981). Bristol-linked research of Skehan also claims aptitude is stable because of the obvious correlations between related measures taken more than 10 years apart. Therefore, Skehan (1989) comments that abilities during some language learning arise by the age of three and a half. Nonetheless, he highlights that it is not too clear if these abilities are innate or are affected by the early environment where the children are exposed to in the first three years of age. Harley and Hart (1997), however, have recently indicated that the story is not so straightforward. By investigating Grade 7 and Grade 11 L2 learners, the extent of different aptitude factors predictive qualities which changed with age can be analyzed. They conclude that different factors of aptitude were involved in the different age groups. The younger the children, the stronger the correlations were found with the memory factors, while the older the learners, the highest explanatory power showed in the language analysis subtests. DISCUSSION Foreign language aptitude studies and the related research decline notably from the 1970s with the following suggested reasons behind (Skehan, 2002). Firstly, aptitude is considered as anti-egalitarian in which testing aptitude of someone and assigning them a score really contain a forbidding quality. According to the assumption of the possible fixed talent and shaped level of achievement, language learning capacity would be measured in a rigid manner and may hence lead to the consequent that aptitude which is originally taken to be the value of individual effort is vanished. Instead of struggling against the nature of aptitude and its measurement as mentioned above, many researchers disagree with this strict perspective and choose other options in their research field for an effective pedagogy. Secondly, the study of aptitude accompanies with old-fashioned audiolingual methodologies. Consequently, with these methodologies, aptitude was considered to be particularly suit the prediction under such situations (Skehan, 2002). Two developments highlighted the disadvantages of these methodologies. Firstly, when the communicative approach becomes more effective, researchers start to question the relevance of aptitude. Although it can be used to predict the structured input and practice oriented activities, it is not a meaningful approach applied to communicative language teaching. Secondly, the growth of SLA research after 1970 has led to the naturalistic engagement of the processes of acquisition and at the same time, the handling of learners input from communicative contexts. Again, aptitude is viewed as an irrelevant item which actually meets the requirement of an outmode class teaching and learning. In addition, Krashen (1981), who insists that aptitude is only for the purpose of learning rather than acquisition, comments that the marginality of learning is a very destructive assessment of the role of aptitude. Thirdly, it is an obvious that English Language teachers are not interested in the individual differences that exist among learners (Skehan, 2002). This may due to the fact that there is a huge growth of importance in the material of language teaching and learning. The forward movement of such materials means textbooks should be published in a way that can suit the largest markets for the teachers and learners. Those textbook series are sold in a large number which reflects the growing importance of English as a global language, with more international and general in nature. In other words, it is not an attractive commercial option for having the ideas of catering for individual learning preferences, styles, or aptitudes. Therefore, it is more a general theory to predict that all learners are exactly the same with the over-riding issue of these textbooks. Teachers and textbook writers find that the individual learner differences are based on a generalized aptitude score and are hence no longer attractive, especially under the situation of having mixed-ability classes. CONCLUSION Defined as the capacity of language learning, aptitude is one of the key areas in individual learner differences in SLA. Its strong correlation with the language proficiency makes it a predictor of academic success in learners acquisition of language. Both Carrolls initial work and post Carroll research contain factors contributing to the aptitude which in turn influencing SLA. It is worth to discuss those factors widely across the timeline because they dominate the area of research in foreign language aptitude and involve lots of pedagogical activities in classrooms. However, for many years, aptitude has been isolated from the wider contexts of foreign language learning and acquisition as discussed. Perhaps, aptitude may well be a central theory if there is a focus on form in SLA. Also, under the condition that critical period for second language learning is accepted generally, and the real acquisition is undertaking, aptitude may then well represent ID which is responsible for the effectiveness of language learning.

The causes and effects of mergers and acquisitions

The causes and effects of mergers and acquisitions It is still the start of the 21st century and as per the predictions, the world is moving at a brisk speed. The people who catches up with the world right now will be able to survive others will not be able to follow them. Same is the case with the companies of the 21st century. Companies today need to be fast growing, efficient, profitable, flexible, adaptable, and future-ready and have a dominant market position. Without these qualities, firms believe that it is virtually impossible to be competitive in todays global economy. Academics and other observers advance value-maximization,[6] managerial ego, mimicry, the need to reduce uncertainty and defensive considerations (acquire to avoid being acquired; ensure that growth keeps up with that of competitors, etc.) and high levels of corporate reserves and share valuations among the motives behind consolidation in financial services. Supporters of MAs allege that they facilitate synergies between merged organizations, generate efficiency improvements and increase competitiveness. Indeed, they hold that mergers, by increasing economies of scale and spreading costs over a larger customer base, enable financial operators to provide services at lower prices. Demonstrating that MAs improve efficiency is thus central to making the case for the consumer benefits of mergers and in assessing their potential impact on consumers.[7] If mergers improve efficiency, then larger, combined firms may be expected to pass some savings on to consumers through lower prices or improved service. In some industries such as insurance or banking, firms may move into new markets. In others such as pharmaceuticals or software technology, firms may work with smaller firms that have developed or are developing new products that they can manufacture and/or distribute more efficiently, while other firms focus on their own internal growth, leadership and development. Regardless of industry, however, it appears that it has become all but impossible in our global environment for firms to compete with others without growing and expanding through deals that result in mergers or acquisitions. Mergers and acquisitions are increasingly being used by firms to strengthen and maintain their position in the market place. They are seen by many as a relatively fast and efficient way to expand into new markets and incorporate new technologies. Yet their success is by no means assured. To the contrary, a majority fall short of their stated goals and objectives. Mergers Acquisitions an opportunity to improve employee relations or pull off some krafty moves? Mergers and Acquisitions (MA) have been a current topic within HR and Employment Law for a long time now but the last ten years has seen far greater opportunities opening up for companies (including private equity funds etc) to make that transforming acquisition or merger with a rival which will deliver major financial benefits and enhance shareholder value. Of course it is a well known fact that more than 60% of mergers/acquisitions fail to achieve their planned objectives. One major contributory factor in this has been the failure to pay sufficient attention to the people aspect of this type of change. Emotions can and do run high during protracted MA battles. Obviously the financial, legal and commercial issues will take precedence over the people issues. However compelling the financial or commercial case, a takeover will not succeed if key individuals are not motivated to make the new arrangements work. Those key individuals can be at any level in the business and it is not always the case that there are many other qualified and more motivated people just waiting to take their places. Rectifying these problems, although possible, can be costly. Kraft may rue the day when they failed to deliver on their commitment and dismissed many knowledgeable and experienced staff at Cadburys near Keynsham.   Neglecting the human factor is a frequent cause of failure Cultural and symbolic elements in MAs are typically framed in terms of the distinction between the merging firms, thus leading to an us versus them dualism. The creation of formal, internal communications mechanisms as early as possible in the process is necessary to limit the anxiety that will otherwise be fuelled by rumour, the grapevine, or even outside news reports. Employees complain that their first knowledge that their employer is involved in a merger or acquisition is often from the morning news before setting off for work. According to a Hewitt Associates executive, the fact that the human factor is taken into account in only 5 per cent of MAs explains why more than half of them in all sectors fail. Teams are usually put together to oversee merger and acquisition operations. These teams almost always comprise specialists in legal and financial issues as well as experts in strategy but rarely do they include human resource directors. One possible explanation is the fact that speed is generally considered of capital importance for success. While the integration phase of merging enterprises may cover between three to five years, the first 100 days after the announcement of the transaction are the most crucial for success or failure. It has become common practice to prepare and communicate to staff and shareholders a programme of integration activities to cover this period, when the feelings of fear, apathy, demotivation and the classical victor and vanquished syndromes are at their highest. Since a majori ty of mergers end up with the elimination of overlapping functions and positions, the first 100 days are likely to be those when staff are most uncertain about jobs, career prospects and the disappearance of their own corporate culture. To reduce the possibilities of failure in MAs, some management experts have recommended that human capital be placed at the centre of the process, or at least be given equal attention to that assigned to economic and financial considerations. According to this school of thought, such a redirection would enable acquirers to select the most compatible acquisition targets from a human resource perspective and make integration that much easier. Frank communication on a daily basis between management and staff helps to dispel some of the uncertainties of MAs and avoid organizational drift. Employees should be informed in good time about the manner in which redundancies, if there are to be any, will be decided and about the role of their trade unions or representatives in the process. It is also important for staff from the acquired organization to be assured that the rights and entitlements they had with their previous employer are to be respected; otherwise there is a high probability of conflict. Merger uncertainties are also frequently blamed for the loss of talent from target companies, which can destroy the very basis for the merger. The failed merger plans between the Deutsche Bank and Dresdner Bank in April 2000 demonstrate how staff resistance can undermine corporate strategies and management wishes. Integration of teams from the respective investment banks of the two parent banks posed a risk to the balance already achieved between staff in Deutsche Morgan Grenfell and the previously acquired Bankers Trust. MAs imply immediate and direct job losses A study on the efficiency effects of bank mergers in the United States,[49] which summarizes nine case studies, reports that all nine mergers resulted in significant cost cutting in line with pre-merger projections, although only four of the mergers were clearly successful in improving cost efficiency. As for employment, the largest volume of cost reductions was generally associated with staff reductions and data processing systems and operations. Payroll reductions often accounted for over 50  per cent of the total cost reduction and in at least one case the reduction in staff costs accounted for nearly two-thirds of the total. In all cases, the savings achieved were of the order of 30 to 40 per cent of the non-interest expenses of the target. All of the merged firms indicated that the actual savings either met or exceeded expectations. Most of the firms projected that the cost savings would be fully achieved within three years after the merger, with the majority of the savings be ing achieved after two years. Managing downsizing related   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  to MA restructuring While MAs are driven largely by financial considerations, their success vitally depends on the motivation of retained workers to contribute to the achievement of merger objectives. The high proportion of failed MAs may not be unrelated to the manner in which staff are often relegated to cost variables rather than being made active partners in the change process. Social plans, guarantees against forced departures and the involvement of staff in MA-related decision-making are critical motivating factors. The study referred to in Chapter 1[69] concluded that the failure of the overwhelming majority of MAs resulted from concentration on hard legal and finance issues to the detriment of the soft people issues in merger planning and implementation. Poor communications with employees appeared to pose a greater risk than that with shareholders, suppliers or customers. The study found that success was linked to a holistic approach when the soft people and cultural issues were an integral part of the focus on financial performance. Of the companies involved in the survey, just nine (less than 10 per cent of respondents) addressed all the soft keys, and each was successful. The study stresses the fact that once value was lost, it was seldom recovered. Even though possibly the most difficult to implement effectively, headcount reduction was the area in which most companies reported achieving their targets. Loss of staff an inevitable result of MAs often included the very individuals the acquirer needed and intended to keep to succeed. MA value extraction was impossible without the enthusiastic cooperation of employees. MAs, remuneration and other compensation issues Two conflicting aims appear to characterize current practices in financial sector remuneration: the need to reduce labour costs within a context of increasing competition and decreasing profitability and the necessity to compensate and adequately reward employee performance and commitment within an environment of continuous and challenging change.[75] Recent trends in compensation policies are moving towards more contingent, individualized and explicitly performance-based systems, while seeking to retain workers loyalty and commitment to organizational goals. This might explain why changes in compensation have tended to be less dramatic than expected compared with both current rhetoric and experience in other industries. The main exception to the industry trend is the United States, where in the absence of a collective wage agreement or any kind of coordination between banks in wage setting, wide differences in compensation levels both between and within financial institutions have a lways been the rule. Sales-based bonuses, either individual-based (as for lenders in wholesale operations) or distributed via managers to branch offices, are the most widespread example of incentives, while commissions have become common for crucial jobs, such as investment advisors.[76 MAs and working time The link between financial sector concentration and patterns in regular working time is difficult to identify because working-time agreements depend upon the national context and are not limited to the sector under consideration. Banks adoption of the retailing model is encouraging them to adjust their hours to customer requirements, extending opening hours on at least one day a week and even opening some branches on traditionally closed days such as Saturdays a trend which has aroused strong trade union reactions in a number of countries. It goes without saying that MAs can provide an opportunity for management to opt for more customer-friendly working hours. However, the rapid development of Internet-based direct banking and ATMs often accelerating and accelerated by MAs has the opposite effect of reducing the need for longer opening hours. Given that successful management of the restructuring process is vital for achieving organizational objectives, managers need to be aware that downsizing is more than a reduction in head count and work reorganization. Terminations destroy the firms social fabric as structures are altered, relationships disrupted and work patterns and communication flows modified, making it more difficult for retained staff to do their work. These structural problems may inhibit performance so that staff need help to cultivate new ties, although insufficient attention is usually given to the intricate relationship between the organizations formal and informal structures. In addition, survivors who are already subject to survivors syndrome find they have to work harder to cover staffing shortfalls, with the consequence that increased workloads feed the stress related to job insecurity, undermining the very efficiency goals that motivated the merger or acquisition. Job insecurity may make employees feel pressured into agreeing to put extra effort into their jobs to demonstrate organizational loyalty; but such working conditions are neither sustainable nor conducive to the achievement of corporate objectives. Financial sector restructuring around the world has led to a high rate of call centre growth. Research by Deloitte Touche has found, for instance, that Australia has 1,400 call centres and help-desks employing 50,000 people and annual sales of $2 billion. Staff turnover averages 18 per cent a year mainly due to stress, as confirmed by the fact that 80 per cent of workers are requesting stress management training assistance. The annual cost to the industry from the high turnover has been estimated at around $100 million. MAs generate high levels of staff anxiety and stress as their working world is turned upside down, their jobs come under threat and their career prospects and professional competence are called into question. Collective defensive mechanisms, especially in hostile takeovers involving previously keen competitors, may lead to a victor-vanquished syndrome inducing behaviour inimical to the smooth implementation of changes for successful integration. Employees from each company are aware that there are many duplicated positions to be eliminated and the struggle to survive will be fierce. Trade unions may themselves be at loggerheads as the merger may involve companies recognizing different negotiating partners. Not surprisingly, it is much easier for managers to convince shareholders about the merits of proposed mergers than it is to persuade their own staff.